Choice A rationale:
Yoga involves gentle stretching and may not directly impact the phlebitis.
Choice B rationale:
Therapeutic massage could potentially dislodge a clot in the leg, leading to a dangerous condition called a pulmonary embolism.
Choice C rationale:
Acupressure, like yoga, involves gentle pressure and may not directly impact the phlebitis.
Choice D rationale:
Acupuncture involves the insertion of needles and could potentially cause harm, but it is less likely to dislodge a clot than massage.

Choice A rationale:
Allopathic medicine refers to traditional Western medicine. The patient has switched from this to a chiropractor, which is considered an alternative therapy.
Choice B rationale:
Complementary therapies are used in conjunction with allopathic medicine, not in place of it.
Choice C rationale:
The patient has not switched to a complementary therapy, but rather from allopathic medicine to an alternative therapy.
Choice D rationale:
The patient has not switched from an alternative therapy to allopathic medicine, but the other way around.

Choice A rationale:
Imagery therapy is a mind-body intervention that does not involve any physical risk to the pacemaker.
Choice B rationale:
Magnetic therapy could potentially interfere with the functioning of the pacemaker.
Choice C rationale:
Relaxation therapy, like imagery therapy, is a mind-body intervention that does not involve any physical risk to the pacemaker.
Choice D rationale:
Yoga is a physical activity that does not involve any direct risk to the pacemaker.

Choice A rationale:
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that is stored in the liver and adipose tissues. It plays a crucial role in vision, growth, and immune function.
Choice B rationale:
Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is essential for calcium absorption and bone health. It can be synthesized by the body when exposed to sunlight.
Choice C rationale:
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals.
Choice D rationale:
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays a key role in blood clotting. It is also involved in bone metabolism.

Choice A rationale:
Surgical procedures are not part of chiropractic medicine. Chiropractors use hands-on spinal manipulation and other alternative treatments.
Choice B rationale:
Acupuncture is a form of traditional Chinese medicine, not chiropractic medicine. It involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body.
Choice C rationale:
Spinal manipulation is a key component of chiropractic medicine. Chiropractors use it to restore joint mobility and alleviate pain.
Choice D rationale:
Prescription medications are not typically part of chiropractic medicine. Chiropractors focus on hands-on treatments and lifestyle modifications.

Choice A rationale:
Keeping the client NPO after midnight is not necessary for an ECG. It is a non-invasive procedure that does not require fasting.
Choice B rationale:
Inspecting the electrode pads is important to ensure good contact with the skin and accurate readings.
Choice C rationale:
Instructing the client to breathe normally during the ECG helps to prevent artifacts in the tracing that could lead to misinterpretation.
Choice D rationale:
Administering an analgesic prior to the procedure is not necessary. An ECG is a painless procedure.
Choice E rationale:
Using alcohol to wipe the skin before placing the electrodes can improve the quality of the ECG by reducing skin impedance.

Choice A rationale:
Elevated potassium levels are not a specific indicator of a myocardial infarction (MI). They could be due to other conditions like kidney disease.
Choice B rationale:
Elevated CK-MB and Troponin levels are indeed indicators of an MI. These proteins are released into the blood when heart muscle is damaged.
Choice C rationale:
An elevated lipid profile is a risk factor for heart disease, but it does not indicate an acute MI.
Choice D rationale:
An elevated WBC count could indicate an infection or inflammation, but it is not a specific indicator of an MI.

Choice A rationale:
Total parenteral nutrition (TPN) is a method of feeding that bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. It’s not the same as a feeding ostomy.
Choice B rationale:
Nasogastric refers to a tube that is placed through the nose into the stomach. It’s not a term for a feeding method.
Choice C rationale:
Parenteral refers to routes of administration that are not oral or enteral, such as intravenous. It’s not the same as a feeding ostomy.
Choice D rationale:
Enteral feeding is the correct term for feeding a patient through a feeding ostomy. It involves delivering nutrition directly to the stomach or small intestine.

Choice A rationale:
Saturated fats increase blood cholesterol levels, which can lead to atherosclerosis and heart disease.
Choice B rationale:
The need for hydrogenation is not a reason to avoid saturated fats. Hydrogenation is a process that turns unsaturated fats into saturated fats.
Choice C rationale:
Saturated fats do not interfere with metabolism in a way that would be a reason to avoid them.
Choice D rationale:
Saturated fats do not block the absorption of nutrients. They are themselves a source of dietary energy.

Choice A rationale:
Asian ginseng is a popular herbal supplement but it does not have a known effect on anticoagulants.
Choice B rationale:
Cayenne contains salicylates, which have blood-thinning properties.
Choice C rationale:
Aloe vera is known for its healing and soothing properties, but it does not enhance the effect of anticoagulants.
Choice D rationale:
Kava is often used for its calming effects, but it does not have a known interaction with anticoagulants.

Choice A rationale:

Telling the client that the physician wants them to take the medicine may not address the client’s concerns or fears about the medication.

Choice B rationale:

Explaining the purpose of the medication is important, but it does not directly address the client’s refusal.

Choice C rationale:

Asking the client why they are being difficult could escalate the situation and is not a respectful or therapeutic response.

Choice D rationale:

Documenting that the client refuses the medication is the most appropriate action as it accurately records the client’s decision and can inform future care planning.

Choice A rationale:
Chambers refer to the four compartments of the heart, not a layer of the heart.
Choice B rationale:
Pericardium is the sac that surrounds the heart, not a layer of the heart itself.
Choice C rationale:
Epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart, not the innermost.
Choice D rationale:
Endocardium is indeed the innermost layer of the heart, lining the inner surfaces of the heart chambers and valves.

Choice A rationale:
Milk contains lactose, a sugar that can’t be properly digested by those with lactose intolerance, leading to symptoms like nausea, bloating, flatulence, and diarrhea.
Choice B rationale:
Soybeans do not contain lactose and are often used as a dairy substitute for those with lactose intolerance.
Choice C rationale:
High fiber foods do not contain lactose and can actually help regulate the digestive system, though they may cause bloating and gas in some people.

Choice A rationale:
B6 is readily available in a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, and grains, which are all part of a vegan diet.
Choice B rationale:
B12 is primarily found in animal products, so those on a vegan diet may need to take a supplement to avoid deficiency.

Choice A rationale:
Coronary artery disease is a chronic condition that develops over time, not typically associated with chest pain that resolves with rest.
Choice B rationale:
Angina pectoris is characterized by chest pain that often improves with rest, as the heart’s demand for oxygen decreases.
Choice C rationale:
Congestive heart failure usually presents with symptoms like shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling, not necessarily chest pain.
Choice D rationale:
Myocardial infarction, or a heart attack, typically causes severe chest pain that does not improve with rest.

Choice A rationale:
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. This is the only artery in the body that carries deoxygenated blood.
Choice B rationale:
The left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins, not the right ventricle.
Choice C rationale:
Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, not from the right ventricle to the lungs.
Choice D rationale:
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the aorta, not to the lungs.

Choice A rationale:
Encouraging the client to take slow, deep breaths is a holistic approach that can help manage pain by promoting relaxation and reducing stress.
Choice B rationale:
Checking the client’s oxygen saturation level is a physiological assessment, not a holistic approach.
Choice C rationale:
Obtaining blood work is a medical intervention, not a holistic approach.
Choice D rationale:
Requesting a prescription for an analgesic is a pharmacological intervention, not a holistic approach.

Choice A rationale:
While pressure can be applied to the hands in reflexology, it is not the main area of focus.
Choice B rationale:
The back is not the main area where pressure is applied in reflexology.
Choice C rationale:
The head is not the main area where pressure is applied in reflexology.
Choice D rationale:
Reflexology mainly involves applying pressure to specific areas on the feet, which are believed to correspond to different parts of the body.

Choice A rationale:
Orange essential oil is known for its uplifting and worry-reducing properties, not necessarily for promoting sleep.
Choice B rationale:
Ginger essential oil is often used for its anti-inflammatory properties and can help with digestion, but it doesn’t directly promote sleep.
Choice C rationale:
Peppermint essential oil is commonly used for its refreshing and invigorating properties, not for sleep promotion.
Choice D rationale:
Lavender essential oil is widely recognized for its calming and soothing properties, which can promote sleep.

Choice A rationale:
The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, not from the left ventricle.
Choice B rationale:
The aorta is the main and largest artery in the human body, originating from the left ventricle of the heart and extending down to the abdomen.
Choice C rationale:
The inferior vena cava carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body back to the right atrium of the heart, not from the left ventricle.
Choice D rationale:
The pulmonary vein carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium, not from the left ventricle.

Choice A rationale:
Acupuncture involves the insertion of very thin needles through your skin at strategic points on your body and is most commonly used to treat pain.
Choice B rationale:
Acupressure is similar to acupuncture, but instead of needles, manual pressure is applied to specific points on the body.
Choice C rationale:
Yoga is a mind and body practice with historical origins in ancient Indian philosophy. It involves physical postures, breathing techniques, and meditation or relaxation.
Choice D rationale:
Biofeedback is a technique you can use to learn to control your body’s functions, such as your heart rate. It involves connecting sensors to your body.

Choice A rationale:
Vitamin B12 and Vitamin C do not need to be taken together. There’s no known interaction between these two vitamins.
Choice B rationale:
Vitamin C does not help with potassium absorption. It’s known for aiding in the absorption of iron.
Choice C rationale:
Calcium does not aid the body in iron absorption. In fact, calcium can inhibit iron absorption if taken together.
Choice D rationale:
Vitamin D does indeed aid the body in calcium absorption. This is why it’s often recommended to ensure adequate Vitamin D intake for bone health.

Choice A rationale:
Exercising daily is part of a healthy lifestyle. It helps maintain a healthy weight and reduces the risk of heart disease.
Choice B rationale:
Consuming a diet low in fat and sodium is also part of a healthy lifestyle. It can help prevent high blood pressure, a risk factor for heart disease.
Choice C rationale:
Quitting smoking is definitely part of a healthy lifestyle. Smoking is a major risk factor for heart disease.
Choice D rationale:
Drinking 6 cups of coffee per day is not considered part of a healthy lifestyle. High amounts of caffeine can lead to increased heart rate and blood pressure.

Choice A rationale:
Saving the excess medication for the next administration is not recommended. This could lead to medication errors.
Choice B rationale:
Returning the excess medication to the secure cabinet is not the proper way to dispose of excess medication. It could be accidentally used by someone else.
Choice C rationale:
Placing the excess medication in the sharps container is not correct. Sharps containers are for sharp objects like needles, not for medication.
Choice D rationale:
Having a second nurse witness the disposal of the excess medication is the correct action. This ensures accountability and prevents misuse of the medication.

Choice A rationale:
Captopril is an ACE inhibitor, not a beta blocker. It’s used to treat hypertension, but it’s not a beta blocker.
Choice B rationale:
Warfarin is an anticoagulant, not a beta blocker. It’s used to prevent blood clots, not to treat hypertension.
Choice C rationale:
Atenolol is a beta blocker. It’s often prescribed for hypertension because it can reduce the workload on the heart and help it beat more regularly.
Choice D rationale:
Aspirin is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), not a beta blocker. It’s often used to reduce pain or inflammation, and can help prevent heart attacks in some people, but it’s not used to treat hypertension.