A. Correct. Hot cocoa typically contains the least amount of caffeine among the options listed. It is not a significant source of caffeine compared to other beverages.
B. Incorrect. Cola soft drinks generally contain a moderate amount of caffeine, which is higher than that found in hot cocoa.
C. Incorrect. Instant coffee is a concentrated source of caffeine and typically contains a higher amount of caffeine than hot cocoa.
D. Incorrect. Brewed green tea contains caffeine, and the caffeine content can vary. While it might have less caffeine than some other options, hot cocoa is still likely to have less caffeine.

A. Incorrect. A urine output of 300 ml over 8 hours is within the expected range for a postoperative client and does not require immediate reporting.
B. Incorrect. Occasional small clots in the urine are common in the immediate postoperative period following a transurethral resection of the prostate and do not necessarily require immediate reporting.
C. Correct. Dark red urine can indicate bleeding and may be a sign of hemorrhage. This finding should be reported to the provider for further assessment and intervention.
D. Incorrect. A frequent urge to urinate is expected following a transurethral resection of the prostate, as irritation and swelling can occur in the immediate postoperative period.

A. Incorrect. The expected resumption of periods is not a critical aspect of informed consent for a vaginal hysterectomy.
B. Incorrect. The elimination of the need for regular gynecological examinations is not a critical aspect of informed consent for a vaginal hysterectomy.
C. Correct. This statement indicates that the client understands the implications of the procedure and has decided based on her desire to stop having children.
D. Incorrect. The presence of a large scar on the stomach is not relevant to a vaginal hysterectomy, as the procedure is performed vaginally and does not involve an abdominal incision.

A. Incorrect. Opening the fireplace dampers may allow external contaminants to enter the facility and is not recommended during an external chemical disaster.
B. Incorrect. Covering electrical outlets with wet towels may not provide effective protection against chemical contaminants and is not a recommended action.
C. Correct. Moving clients to a room above ground with few windows helps protect them from potential exposure to external chemical contaminants. Windows can allow contaminants to enter, and an aboveground location can reduce the risk of exposure.
D. Incorrect. Turning on fans may circulate contaminated air throughout the facility and is not recommended during a chemical disaster.

A. Incorrect. Human papillomavirus (HPV. is a common sexually transmitted infection, but it is not typically a reportable infection to the state health department.
B. Correct. Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a reportable sexually transmitted infection, and healthcare providers are required to report cases to the state health department for tracking and intervention purposes.
C. Incorrect. Impetigo contagiosa is a bacterial skin infection, but it is not typically a reportable infection to the state health department.
D. Incorrect. Sarcoptes scabiei is the parasite that causes scabies, a skin condition, but it is not typically a reportable infection to the state health department.

A. Incorrect. Justice refers to fairness and equal treatment for all clients. It is not demonstrated in this scenario.
B. Correct. Fidelity, also known as "faithfulness" or "loyalty," refers to the nurse's commitment to keeping promises and maintaining trust with the client. By walking with the client as promised, the nurse is demonstrating fidelity.
C. Incorrect. Autonomy refers to the client's right to make decisions about their own care and treatment. While the nurse is respecting the client's autonomy by addressing their anxiety, the ethical principle being demonstrated here is fidelity.
D. Incorrect. Nonmaleficence refers to the duty to do no harm. While the nurse is indeed trying to prevent harm (anxiety. for the client, the ethical principle being demonstrated in this scenario is fidelity.

A. Incorrect. Elevating the arm might help reduce edema, but the priority is to stop the infusion to prevent further infiltration.
B. Incorrect. While documenting the infiltration is important, immediate action should be taken to stop the infusion to prevent further complications.
C. Correct. The nurse's first action should be to stop the infusion to prevent the continuation of fluid infiltration and potential complications.
D. Incorrect. Applying a warm compress might help with comfort, but stopping the infusion is the priority to prevent further infiltration.

A. Incorrect. Discarding worksheets containing client information in a wastebasket does not ensure proper disposal of confidential information and could compromise confidentiality.
B. Incorrect. Writing a client's diagnosis on the message board in the client's room could breach confidentiality, as it could potentially be seen by unauthorized individuals.
C. Correct. Giving a change of shift report to a nurse outside the client's room helps protect client confidentiality by discussing sensitive information in a private setting, away from potential eavesdroppers.
D. Incorrect. Discussing a client's prognosis with an assistive personnel who is not directly involved in the client's care breaches confidentiality.

A. Incorrect. Placing the client in a supine position may impede drainage and is not recommended for a client with a chest tube.
B. Correct. Ensuring that the chest tube drainage system is kept below the level of the client's chest allows for proper drainage of fluid and prevents backflow of drainage into the client's chest.
C. Incorrect. The collection chamber should be emptied as needed to prevent overfilling, which could obstruct drainage.
D. Incorrect. Clamping the chest tube is not indicated for a client with a chest tube set to continuous suction, as it would interfere with the function of the drainage system.

A. Incorrect. The airbag should be turned off if an infant car seat is placed in the front seat, as airbags can pose a significant risk to infants.
B. Incorrect. The car seat should be positioned at a 45° angle to prevent the infant's head from falling forward and obstructing the airway.
C. Incorrect. Placing a small cushion under the newborn's head is not recommended, as it can interfere with proper positioning and safety in the car seat.
D. Correct. The shoulder harnesses of the car seat should be positioned at the level of the infant's shoulders to ensure proper fit and safety during travel.