The correct answer is B. Emotional abuse is the deliberate attempt to harm a child's self-worth or emotional well-being. It can include verbal insults, threats, rejection, isolation, or humiliation. Emotional abuse can affect a child's self-esteem, confidence, and social skills. Physical abuse often co-occurs with emotional abuse, as the abuser may use physical violence to intimidate, control, or degrade the child.

Choice A Reason: Sexual abuse is the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend, is unable to give informed consent to, or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent. Sexual abuse can include contact and non-contact acts, such as touching, fondling, oral sex, penetration, exposure, or pornography. Sexual abuse can also cause emotional and psychological harm to the child, but it is not the same as emotional abuse.

Choice C Reason: Psychological abuse is similar to emotional abuse, but it also involves the manipulation of a child's thoughts, feelings, or behaviors. Psychological abuse can include brainwashing, gaslighting, indoctrination, or coercion. Psychological abuse can cause confusion, anxiety, depression, or dissociation in the child.

Choice D Reason: Neglect is the failure to provide for a child's basic physical, emotional, educational, or medical needs. Neglect can include inadequate food, clothing, shelter, hygiene, supervision, affection, education, or health care. Neglect can also cause physical and emotional harm to the child, but it is not the same as emotional abuse.

Choice A Reason: Seeking professional help if one has a history of trauma or mental illness can help reduce the risk of abusing or neglecting one's own children. Trauma and mental illness can impair one's ability to cope with stress, regulate emotions, and form healthy attachments with others. Professional help can provide counseling, medication, therapy, or other interventions to address these issues and improve one's mental health and well-being.

Choice B Reason: Learning about one's child's development and setting realistic expectations can help prevent frustration, anger, or disappointment that may lead to abusive or neglectful behavior. Children have different needs, abilities, and personalities at different stages of their growth and development. Parents should understand these differences and adjust their expectations and responses accordingly. Parents should also praise their children for their efforts and achievements and provide positive reinforcement for desired behaviors.

Choice C Reason: Using physical punishment as a last resort to discipline one's child is not a recommended strategy to prevent child abuse and neglect. Physical punishment can cause physical injuries, pain, fear, anger, resentment, or aggression in the child. Physical punishment can also damage the trust and bond between the parent and the child and teach the child that violence is an acceptable way to solve problems or express emotions.

Choice D Reason: Joining a support group or networking with other parents who have similar challenges can help prevent isolation, stress, or burnout that may contribute to abusive or neglectful behavior. Support groups or networks can provide emotional, social, or practical support, advice, or resources for parents who are struggling with parenting issues, such as managing stress, balancing work and family, dealing with behavioral problems, or coping with special needs. Support groups or networks can also help parents feel less alone, more understood, and more empowered.

Choice E Reason: Reporting any signs of maltreatment in one's family or community to the authorities can help prevent further harm and ensure appropriate intervention and support for the victims and perpetrators of child abuse and neglect. Reporting is a legal and ethical obligation for nurses and other professionals who work with children, but it is also a moral responsibility for anyone who witnesses or suspects maltreatment. Reporting can help protect the child from further harm, stop the cycle of violence, and provide the opportunity for healing and recovery.

The correct answer is A. Dissociation is a psychological defense mechanism that involves a detachment from one's thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity. Dissociation can occur as a result of trauma, such as sexual abuse, to cope with the overwhelming stress and pain. Dissociation can manifest as numbness, detachment, depersonalization, derealization, or dissociative identity disorder.

Choice B Reason: Denial is a psychological defense mechanism that involves refusing to accept or acknowledge the reality or severity of a situation. Denial can occur as a result of trauma, such as sexual abuse, to avoid the negative emotions and consequences associated with it. Denial can manifest as disbelief, rationalization, minimization, or avoidance.

Choice C Reason: Regression is a psychological defense mechanism that involves reverting to an earlier stage of development or behavior that is more comfortable or familiar. Regression can occur as a result of trauma, such as sexual abuse, to escape from the current distress and anxiety. Regression can manifest as thumb-sucking, bed-wetting, clinging, tantrums, or baby talk.

Choice D Reason: Repression is a psychological defense mechanism that involves unconsciously blocking out or forgetting unpleasant or traumatic memories or feelings. Repression can occur as a result of trauma, such as sexual abuse, to protect oneself from the emotional pain and conflict associated with it. Repression can manifest as memory loss, confusion, or lack of insight.

The correct answer is D. This statement reflects the child's internalization of the blame and guilt for the abuse. Emotional abuse can cause the child to feel worthless, unloved, or responsible for the abuser's behavior. The child may apologize or try to please the abuser to avoid further criticism or rejection.

Choice A Reason: This statement reflects the child's anger and resentment towards the abuser. Anger is a normal and healthy emotion that can help the child cope with the abuse and assert his or her rights and boundaries. However, anger can also be harmful if it is expressed inappropriately or excessively.

Choice B Reason: This statement reflects the child's denial or idealization of the abuser. Denial or idealization is a psychological defense mechanism that involves refusing to acknowledge or exaggerating the positive aspects of the abuser or the relationship. Denial or idealization can occur as a result of trauma bonding, Stockholm syndrome, or cognitive dissonance.

Choice C Reason: This statement reflects the child's dissociation or numbness towards the abuser. Dissociation or numbness is a psychological defense mechanism that involves detaching from one's thoughts, feelings, memories, or sense of identity. Dissociation or numbness can occur as a result of trauma, such as emotional abuse, to cope with the overwhelming stress and pain.

The correct answer is C. Tertiary prevention is the level of intervention that aims to reduce the impact and complications of an existing problem or condition on an individual or group. Tertiary prevention can include treatment, rehabilitation, or support services for those who are affected by maltreatment. Tertiary prevention can help restore the health, well-being, and functioning of the victims and perpetrators of child abuse and neglect.

Choice A Reason: Primary prevention is the level of intervention that aims to prevent a problem or condition from occurring in the first place. Primary prevention can include education, awareness, or advocacy campaigns for the general public or specific populations at risk. Primary prevention can help reduce the incidence and prevalence of child abuse and neglect in society.

Choice B Reason: Secondary prevention is the level of intervention that aims to detect and intervene in a problem or condition at an early stage before it becomes more serious or chronic. Secondary prevention can include screening, assessment, or reporting tools and methods for professionals or individuals who work with or encounter children and families. Secondary prevention can help identify and protect the victims and perpetrators of child abuse and neglect and provide appropriate intervention and support.

Choice D Reason: Quaternary prevention is the level of intervention that aims to avoid or reduce the harm or waste of unnecessary or excessive interventions for a problem or condition. Quaternary prevention can include monitoring, evaluation, or feedback mechanisms for professionals or organizations who provide services or interventions for children and families.
Quaternary prevention can help ensure the quality, effectiveness, and efficiency of the interventions and services for child abuse and neglect.

The correct answer is C. Providing pain relief and comfort measures is the nurse's priority action when caring for a child who has been physically abused. The nurse should assess the child's pain level and administer analgesics as prescribed. The nurse should also provide emotional support and reassurance to the child and create a safe and trusting environment.

Choice A Reason: Notifying the child protection services is an important action that the nurse should take when caring for a child who has been physically abused, but it is not the priority action. The nurse should report any suspected or confirmed cases of child abuse and neglect to protect the child from further harm and to ensure appropriate intervention and support for the child and family. However, the nurse should first address the child's immediate needs, such as pain relief and comfort measures, before reporting.

Choice B Reason: Documenting the findings in the medical record is an essential action that the nurse should take when caring for a child who has been physically abused, but it is not the priority action. The nurse should document any signs and symptoms of maltreatment, such as bruises, fractures, burns, or wounds, in an objective, accurate, and detailed manner. The nurse should also use body maps or diagrams to illustrate the location, size, shape, color, and pattern of the injuries. The nurse should also document any statements made by the child or the parents that are relevant to the abuse. However, the nurse should first address the child's immediate needs, such as pain relief and comfort measures, before documenting.

Choice D Reason: Interviewing the child and the parents separately is a necessary action that the nurse should take when caring for a child who has been physically abused, but it is not the priority action. The nurse should interview the child and the parents separately to obtain a history of the abuse and to assess their relationship and dynamics. The nurse should use open-ended questions, avoid leading or suggestive questions, and use developmentally appropriate language and techniques. The nurse should also observe their behaviors, expressions, and interactions for any clues or discrepancies. However, the nurse should first address the child's immediate needs, such as pain relief and comfort measures, before interviewing.

The correct answer is C. This statement indicates a need for further teaching because it is incorrect. The parent should be worried if their child shows excessive or inappropriate curiosity about sexual topics or behaviors, such as masturbation, pornography, or sexual acts with other children or adults. This could indicate that their child has been exposed to or involved in sexual activity that they do not fully comprehend or consent to.

Choice A Reason: This statement is correct because it indicates that the parent understands one of the signs of sexual abuse in children. The parent should be concerned if their child suddenly becomes afraid of being alone with certain people, such as relatives, friends, teachers, or caregivers. This could indicate that their child has been sexually abused by someone they know and trust.

Choice B Reason: This statement is correct because it indicates that the parent understands one of the signs of sexual abuse in children. The parent should be alert if their child starts to have nightmares, bedwetting, or sleep problems. These could indicate that their child is experiencing fear, anxiety, or trauma as a result of sexual abuse.

Choice D Reason: This statement is correct because it indicates that the parent understands one of the signs of sexual abuse in children. The parent should pay attention if their child develops genital infections, injuries, or bleeding. These could indicate that their child has been physically harmed by sexual abuse.

Choice A Reason: The family will learn about the nature and treatment of bipolar disorder as one of the outcomes of family therapy. Family therapy can help the family understand the causes, symptoms, and management of bipolar disorder and how it affects their father's behavior and mood. Family therapy can also help the family support their father in adhering to his treatment plan and monitoring his condition.

Choice B Reason: The family will develop coping skills and strategies to deal with the abuse as one of the outcomes of family therapy. Family therapy can help the family identify and address the effects of psychological abuse on their mental and emotional health, such as low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, or guilt. Family therapy can also help the family learn and practice healthy ways to cope with stress, emotions, and conflicts, such as relaxation, assertiveness, or positive thinking.

Choice C Reason: The family will improve their communication and problem-solving skills as one of the outcomes of family therapy. Family therapy can help the family enhance their communication and problem-solving skills by teaching them how to listen, express, negotiate, compromise, or collaborate with each other. Family therapy can also help the family resolve any issues or disagreements that may arise from the abuse or the bipolar disorder.

Choice D Reason: The family will restore their trust and bond with each other as one of the outcomes of family therapy. Family therapy can help the family rebuild their trust and bond with each other by facilitating empathy, respect, acceptance, and forgiveness among the family members. Family therapy can also help the family strengthen their sense of belonging, support, and unity as a family.

Choice E Reason: The family will seek legal action against the abuser is not an expected outcome of family therapy for a family who has been affected by psychological abuse by their father who has bipolar disorder. Family therapy is not intended to punish or blame the abuser, but rather to help him or her understand and change his or her abusive behavior and to help the family heal from the abuse. Seeking legal action against the abuser may be an option for some families who have experienced severe or chronic abuse, but it is not a goal or outcome of family therapy.