This statement is incorrect because not all individuals with diabetes can control their condition through diet and exercise alone. Insulin or other medications may be necessary to achieve and maintain target blood sugar levels.

Incorrect choices:

a. This statement is correct. Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition that affects how the body uses glucose for energy.

b. This statement is correct. Regular blood sugar monitoring is important to manage and maintain blood sugar levels within a target range.

d. This statement is correct. If left uncontrolled, diabetes can lead to various complications, including kidney damage and nerve problems.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute insulin deficiency. It is not primarily characterized by insulin resistance (choice a) and is not typically diagnosed in adulthood (choice b). Oral hypoglycemic agents (choice d) are not the mainstay of treatment for type 1 diabetes.

This statement is incorrect because it inaccurately suggests that insulin administration is only necessary for type 1 diabetes. While it is essential for type 1 diabetes, it can also be used in some cases of type 2 diabetes when other treatments are ineffective.

Incorrect choices:

a. This statement is correct. Insulin facilitates the entry of glucose into cells for energy.

b. This statement is correct. Insulin is produced by the pancreas and released in response to elevated blood sugar levels.

d. This statement is correct. In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs, meaning the body's cells become less responsive to the effects of insulin.

Excessive thirst and frequent urination are classic symptoms of hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus. These symptoms result from the body's attempt to eliminate excess glucose through urine.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Bradycardia and low blood pressure are not classic symptoms of hyperglycemia; they may be associated with other conditions.

c. This choice is incorrect. Weight gain and increased appetite are not typical symptoms of hyperglycemia; they may be observed in certain situations, but they are not characteristic of uncontrolled diabetes.

d. This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemic episodes with confusion are symptoms of low blood sugar, not hyperglycemia.

Sedentary lifestyle and obesity are modifiable risk factors for the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Lifestyle changes, such as increasing physical activity and achieving a healthy weight, can help reduce the risk.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Family history of type 2 diabetes is a non-modifiable risk factor.

b. This choice is incorrect. Age over 65 years is a non-modifiable risk factor.

d. This choice is incorrect. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic cells is associated with type 1 diabetes, not type 2.

This statement is incorrect because blood sugar monitoring is an essential part of diabetes management, even when the client is feeling well. It provides valuable information about blood sugar levels and helps prevent both high and low blood sugar episodes.

Incorrect choices:

a. This statement is correct. Regular blood sugar monitoring provides insights into how the body responds to food and medication.

b. This statement is correct. Blood sugar monitoring is important for preventing both hyperglycemic and hypoglycemic episodes.

d. This statement is correct. Monitoring blood sugar levels empowers the client to make informed decisions about their diabetes management.

Uncontrolled diabetes can lead to nerve damage, a condition known as neuropathy. This can result in symptoms such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Temporary vision changes may occur due to high blood sugar levels, but it is not a long-term complication.

b. This choice is incorrect. Frequent hypoglycemic episodes may occur with medication use, but it is not a typical long-term complication of uncontrolled diabetes.

c. This choice is incorrect. Diarrhea and stomach cramps are not commonly associated with long-term complications of diabetes.

Including a variety of whole grains, lean proteins, and vegetables in meals is an appropriate dietary recommendation for a client with diabetes. Carbohydrates should not be completely avoided (choice a), and sugary snacks should be limited (choice b). Adequate fluid intake is important, and there is no need to restrict fluids (choice d).

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Carbohydrates are an important source of energy and should not be completely avoided. The focus should be on managing portion sizes and making healthy carbohydrate choices.

b. This choice is incorrect. Consuming high amounts of sugary snacks can lead to blood sugar spikes and is not recommended for individuals with diabetes.

d. This choice is incorrect. Adequate fluid intake is important for overall health and is not typically restricted in diabetes management.

Consuming a piece of fruit is an appropriate choice for treating hypoglycemia, as it provides a source of natural sugars that can help raise blood sugar levels.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. A large serving of pasta contains complex carbohydrates that may take longer to raise blood sugar levels.

c. This choice is incorrect. A candy bar may provide a quick source of sugar, but it is often high in added sugars and unhealthy fats.

d. This choice is incorrect. Alcohol can further lower blood sugar levels and is not recommended for treating hypoglycemia.

Soaking feet in hot water can lead to burns and is not recommended for individuals with diabetes, as they may have reduced sensation. Warm water and gentle cleaning are more appropriate for foot care.

Incorrect choices:

a. This statement is correct. Daily inspection of the feet is important to detect any cuts, sores, or blisters early and prevent complications.

c. This statement is correct. Wearing comfortable shoes and avoiding high heels helps protect the feet and prevent injuries.

d. This statement is correct. Moisturizing the feet regularly can help prevent dry skin, which can lead to cracks and potential infections.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells, leading to a lack of insulin production. This results in an absolute insulin deficiency and requires external insulin administration.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Insulin resistance is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes, not type 1.

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes is not primarily caused by lifestyle factors; it has an autoimmune etiology.

d. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes typically develops in childhood or adolescence, not adulthood, and is not associated with insulin resistance.

In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance occurs, meaning that the body's cells do not respond effectively to the action of insulin. This leads to decreased glucose uptake by cells and elevated blood sugar levels.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells is characteristic of type 1 diabetes, not type 2.

b. This choice is incorrect. Increased sensitivity of cells to insulin would result in improved glucose uptake and reduced hyperglycemia.

d. This choice is incorrect. Excess insulin production by the pancreas is not a typical mechanism in type 2 diabetes.

Insulin plays a key role in glucose metabolism by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells, reducing blood sugar levels. It also promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscle cells.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Insulin promotes glucose uptake into cells, leading to decreased blood sugar levels.

b. This choice is incorrect. Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis, which stores glucose and reduces blood sugar levels.

d. This choice is incorrect. Insulin promotes glycogen synthesis, contributing to the storage of glucose and lowering blood sugar levels.

Prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetes can lead to the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which contribute to tissue damage, inflammation, and complications such as neuropathy and nephropathy.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Hypoglycemic episodes are associated with low blood sugar, not prolonged hyperglycemia.

b. This choice is incorrect. Increased cellular glucose uptake and energy production would not be consequences of prolonged hyperglycemia; rather, hyperglycemia impairs cellular glucose uptake.

d. This choice is incorrect. Prolonged hyperglycemia leads to insulin resistance, not enhanced insulin sensitivity.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune response that targets and destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading to an absolute deficiency of insulin production.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, but not the autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and is not characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

d. This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other underlying medical conditions or factors and is not primarily characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, where cells do not effectively respond to insulin, and relative insulin deficiency due to impaired beta cell function.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells and an absolute insulin deficiency.

c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and may involve a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion.

d. This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other medical conditions or factors, not primarily by insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes that increase insulin resistance. It usually resolves after childbirth, but women with GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells and is not related to pregnancy.

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency and is not specific to pregnancy.

d. This choice is incorrect. Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other underlying medical conditions or factors and is not specific to pregnancy.

Secondary diabetes mellitus is caused by other medical conditions or factors that affect insulin secretion or action, such as medications, hormonal disorders, or specific medical conditions.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is primarily caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency, often influenced by lifestyle factors.

c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and is not primarily caused by other medical conditions or factors.

MODY is a rare form of diabetes caused by genetic mutations affecting beta cell function. It is not primarily related to insulin deficiency or resistance.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Type 1 diabetes mellitus involves autoimmune destruction of beta cells and insulin deficiency.

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus involves insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency.

d. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy due to hormonal changes and is not primarily caused by genetic mutations.

The "three P's" of diabetes mellitus refer to polyuria (excessive urination), polydipsia (excessive thirst), and polyphagia (excessive hunger) due to the body's inability to effectively use glucose for energy.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Increased appetite, weight gain, and bloating are not characteristic of diabetes mellitus; rather, diabetes is associated with weight loss despite increased appetite (polyphagia).

c. This choice is incorrect. Pallor, palpitations, and pain are not specific manifestations of diabetes mellitus.

d. This choice is incorrect. Panic attacks, paranoia, and paresthesia are not typical clinical manifestations of diabetes mellitus.

Long-standing hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to impaired wound healing, as high blood sugar levels affect blood flow and immune function, increasing the risk of infections.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are the "three P's" associated with diabetes-related hyperglycemia.

b. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not typically related to long-standing hyperglycemia in diabetes.

c. This choice is incorrect. Blurred vision and vision loss are manifestations of diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication, rather than impaired wound healing.

Chronic hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus can lead to damage of small blood vessels and nerves, resulting in neuropathy characterized by numbness, tingling, and pain in the extremities.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not typically manifestations of neuropathy in diabetes mellitus.

b. This choice is incorrect. Blurred vision and vision loss are associated with diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication, not nerve damage.

c. This choice is incorrect. Impaired wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections are related to the effects of hyperglycemia on blood flow and immune function, rather than nerve damage.

Diabetic retinopathy, a microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, can lead to blurred or distorted vision due to damage to the blood vessels in the retina.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia are the "three P's" associated with hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus.

b. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not typically associated with blurred or distorted vision.

c. This choice is incorrect. Impaired wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections are related to the effects of hyperglycemia on blood flow and immune function, rather than visual disturbances.

Weight loss despite increased appetite (polyphagia) is a clinical manifestation of diabetes mellitus due to the body's inability to effectively use glucose for energy, leading to breakdown of muscle and fat tissue.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain are not directly related to weight loss despite increased appetite.

c. This choice is incorrect. Impaired wound healing and increased susceptibility to infections are consequences of chronic hyperglycemia, but they are not directly related to weight loss.

d. This choice is incorrect. Rapid weight gain and bloating are not characteristic manifestations of diabetes mellitus; weight loss is more common.

The HbA1c test measures the average blood glucose level over the past 2-3 months and provides information about long-term glucose control. It is commonly used to monitor diabetes management and assess the effectiveness of treatment.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and provides information about current glucose levels, not long-term control.

b. This choice is incorrect. The OGTT measures the body's ability to clear glucose from the blood and is used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, but it is not typically used for assessing long-term glucose control.

d. This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test is used to assess insulin production by the pancreas and is not typically used to assess long-term glucose control.

A fasting blood glucose level of 126 mg/dL or higher on two separate occasions is indicative of diabetes mellitus. A level of 110 mg/dL is within the normal range, and levels of 90 mg/dL and 100 mg/dL are also normal.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 110 mg/dL is within the normal range.

c. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 90 mg/dL is within the normal range.

d. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 100 mg/dL is within the normal range.

The OGTT involves drinking a glucose solution and measuring blood glucose levels at specific intervals. It is used to assess glucose tolerance and diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus during pregnancy.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and is not specifically used for diagnosing gestational diabetes.

b. This choice is incorrect. The HbA1c test measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is not typically used for diagnosing gestational diabetes.

d. This choice is incorrect. The random blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels at any time and is not specific for diagnosing gestational diabetes.

The OGTT measures the body's ability to clear glucose from the blood by drinking a glucose solution and measuring blood glucose levels at specific intervals. It is commonly used to diagnose diabetes mellitus.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and is not specifically used to assess glucose clearance.

b. This choice is incorrect. The HbA1c test measures average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and is not specifically used to assess glucose clearance.

c. This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test assesses insulin production by the pancreas and is not specifically used to assess glucose clearance.

A random blood glucose level of 140 mg/dL or higher, along with symptoms of hyperglycemia, is indicative of diabetes mellitus. Symptoms may include excessive thirst, frequent urination, and unexplained weight loss.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 90 mg/dL is within the normal range.

c. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 110 mg/dL is within the normal range.

d. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 120 mg/dL is within the normal range

Metformin is a commonly used oral antidiabetic medication that improves insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissues, reduces hepatic glucose production, and enhances glucose uptake by cells.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Glipizide is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas, rather than increasing insulin sensitivity.

c. This choice is incorrect. Insulin lispro is a rapid-acting insulin analog used for mealtime coverage in insulin therapy.

d. This choice is incorrect. Exenatide is a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist that stimulates insulin secretion and suppresses glucagon release, but it does not primarily target insulin sensitivity.

Glipizide is a sulfonylurea medication that stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells, helping to lower blood glucose levels in individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Metformin is an oral antidiabetic medication that primarily improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.

c. This choice is incorrect. Insulin glargine is a long-acting basal insulin used in insulin therapy to provide consistent background insulin coverage.

d. This choice is incorrect. Acarbose is an alpha-glucosidase inhibitor that delays carbohydrate absorption in the intestines and is used to manage postprandial hyperglycemia.

Empagliflozin is an SGLT2 inhibitor that reduces renal glucose reabsorption, leading to increased urinary glucose excretion and improved glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Metformin primarily improves insulin sensitivity and reduces hepatic glucose production.

b. This choice is incorrect. Glipizide stimulates insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells.

d. This choice is incorrect. Insulin detemir is a long-acting basal insulin used in insulin therapy.

Basal-bolus insulin therapy involves administering a continuous basal insulin infusion to provide background insulin coverage and delivering bolus doses of insulin before meals to cover postprandial glucose elevations.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Oral antidiabetic medications are not used in basal-bolus insulin therapy.

c. This choice is incorrect. Sliding-scale insulin therapy involves adjusting insulin doses based on current blood glucose levels, rather than providing consistent basal and mealtime coverage.

d. This choice is incorrect. Insulin glargine therapy provides long-acting basal insulin coverage but does not involve bolus doses before meals.

Intensive insulin therapy involves close monitoring of blood glucose levels and making frequent adjustments to insulin doses to achieve tight glycemic control and prevent complications in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Sliding-scale insulin therapy involves adjusting insulin doses based on current blood glucose levels, without considering other factors such as carbohydrate intake and activity.

c. This choice is incorrect. Insulin detemir therapy is a form of basal insulin coverage and does not necessarily involve frequent adjustments.

d. This choice is incorrect. Oral antidiabetic medications are not part of intensive insulin therapy.

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that results from the thickening and narrowing of small blood vessels, leading to reduced blood flow to the lower extremities. This can cause symptoms such as leg pain, numbness, and poor wound healing.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.

b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.

c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

Diabetic cataracts result from the accumulation of glucose within the lens of the eye, leading to changes in vision and the development of cataracts. This can cause blurred vision and visual disturbances.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.

b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by high blood glucose levels, the presence of ketones in the urine, metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. It can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.

c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

d. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.

Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the blood vessels of the retina, leading to vision impairment and potential blindness. It is a result of prolonged high blood glucose levels damaging the small blood vessels in the eye.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.

b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.

c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication of diabetes mellitus that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function and potential kidney failure. Prolonged high blood glucose levels damage the small blood vessels in the kidneys, leading to kidney damage.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication characterized by high blood glucose levels, ketosis, and metabolic acidosis.

c. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

d. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by an autoimmune process in which the body's immune system destroys the pancreatic beta cells responsible for producing insulin. This results in an absolute deficiency of insulin, requiring exogenous insulin administration for glycemic control.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, rather than autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and is not characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

d. This choice is incorrect. Prediabetes is a precursor to type 2 diabetes and involves impaired glucose tolerance, but it does not result from autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that plays a crucial role in regulating blood glucose levels. It facilitates glucose uptake into cells, promotes glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles, and inhibits hepatic glucose production.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Glucagon is another pancreatic hormone that increases blood glucose levels by promoting glycogen breakdown and glucose release from the liver.

c. This choice is incorrect. Epinephrine is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands that can raise blood glucose levels during times of stress.

d. This choice is incorrect. Cortisol, also produced by the adrenal glands, can increase blood glucose levels in response to stress and inflammation.

The Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test measures the percentage of hemoglobin that is glycated, reflecting average blood glucose levels over the past 2 to 3 months. It is a valuable tool for assessing long-term glycemic control.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. The fasting blood glucose test measures blood glucose levels after an overnight fast and provides a snapshot of current glucose levels, rather than long-term control.

b. This choice is incorrect. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) measures how the body responds to a glucose load and is used to diagnose diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance, rather than monitor long-term control.

d. This choice is incorrect. The C-peptide test is used to assess insulin production by measuring the level of C-peptide, a byproduct of insulin production.

Carbohydrates have the most significant impact on blood glucose levels as they are broken down into glucose during digestion. Monitoring and controlling carbohydrate intake is crucial for managing blood glucose levels in individuals with diabetes mellitus.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Fiber intake is important for digestive health and can help stabilize blood glucose levels, but it does not have as direct an impact as carbohydrates.

b. This choice is incorrect. Protein intake can influence insulin secretion, but it has a more modest effect on blood glucose compared to carbohydrates.

c. This choice is incorrect. Fat intake affects overall health, but it has a minimal direct impact on blood glucose levels.

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute complication of diabetes mellitus characterized by severe hyperglycemia, metabolic acidosis, and ketone production. It requires prompt medical intervention, including insulin therapy and fluid replacement.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication that affects the kidneys and can lead to impaired kidney function.

b. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic retinopathy is a complication that affects the blood vessels of the retina and can lead to vision loss.

d. This choice is incorrect. Diabetic neuropathy refers to nerve damage due to diabetes and can cause symptoms such as tingling, pain, and loss of sensation in the extremities.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system attacks and destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting in a lack of insulin production.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion, but pancreatic beta cells are not completely destroyed.

c. This choice is incorrect. Gestational diabetes mellitus occurs during pregnancy and is not caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells.

d. This choice is incorrect. Prediabetes is a condition in which blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. It is not characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance, in which cells do not respond effectively to insulin, and impaired insulin secretion by pancreatic beta cells.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is not characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin secretion as seen in type 1 diabetes.

b. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus primarily affects adults, especially those who are older and have risk factors such as obesity and sedentary lifestyle.

d. This choice is incorrect. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is not caused by autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells as seen in type 1 diabetes.

A fasting blood glucose level of 100 to 125 mg/dL is considered indicative of prediabetes, which is a condition where blood glucose levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. A fasting blood glucose level of 70 mg/dL is within the normal range.

c. This choice is incorrect. A random blood glucose level of 150 mg/dL indicates hyperglycemia, but it is not indicative of prediabetes.

d. This choice is incorrect. An hemoglobin A1c level of 6.5% or higher is diagnostic of diabetes mellitus, not prediabetes.

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a type of diabetes that develops during pregnancy and is characterized by high blood glucose levels. It usually resolves after childbirth but increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the future.

Incorrect choices:

a. This choice is incorrect. GDM typically resolves after childbirth, not after.

b. This choice is incorrect. GDM is not a rare condition; it affects a significant percentage of pregnant women.

c. This choice is incorrect. Women with GDM have an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, not type 1 diabetes, later in life.

The liver plays a central role in blood glucose regulation by releasing glucose into the bloodstream through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis when blood glucose levels are low. It also stores glucose as glycogen and responds to insulin and glucagon signals.

Incorrect choices:

b. This choice is incorrect. While the kidneys play a role in filtering blood and excreting waste products, they are not primarily responsible for regulating blood glucose levels.

c. This choice is incorrect. The lungs are involved in oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange and are not directly involved in blood glucose regulation.

d. This choice is incorrect. The spleen is involved in immune function and blood filtration, but it does not play a central role in blood glucose regulation.