The client’s vital signs, oxygen saturation, and respiratory status.

This is because the admission nursing assessment is a comprehensive evaluation of the client’s physical, mental, emotional, and social status, as well as their current health problems and needs.

The admission assessment provides baseline data for comparison and planning of care.The client’s vital signs, oxygen saturation, and respiratory status are essential components of the admission assessment for a client who has pneumonia, as they reflect the severity of the infection and the risk of complications.

Choice B is wrong because the client’s medical history, allergies, and current medications are part of the health history interview, which is a component of the admission assessment but not the entire documentation.Choice C is wrong because the client’s nursing diagnosis, goals, and expected outcomes are part of the planning and implementation phases of the nursing process, which come after the assessment phase.Choice D is wrong because the client’s family contacts, insurance information, and advance directives are part of the administrative data collection, which is not directly related to the client’s health status or nursing care.

Normal ranges for vital signs vary depending on age, gender, and health conditions, but generally they are as follows:.

• Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F).

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Respirations: 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

• Blood pressure: less than 120/80 mm Hg.

• Oxygen saturation: 95% to 100%.

Kardexes and flow sheets are types of records that are used for documenting concise data about a client and making information quickly accessible to all health professionals.Kardexes are a series of cards kept in a portable index file or on computer generated forms that contain a problem list, stated goals and list of nursing approaches to meet the goals.Flow sheets are forms that allow for recording routine aspects of care such as vital signs, intake and output, medications, etc.

Choice C is wrong because progress notes are not concise, but rather narrative descriptions of the client’s condition, interventions and outcomes.Choice D is wrong because nursing discharge summaries are not used for quick access, but rather for providing information about the client’s hospitalization, treatment and follow-up care.Choice E is wrong because care plan conferences are not records, but meetings where health professionals discuss the client’s needs, goals and progress.

Normal ranges for vital signs are as follows:.

• Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F).

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Respiration: 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

• Blood pressure: less than 120/80 mmHg.

“The client in room 14 has a wound dressing that needs to be changed at 10 a.m.”

This statement is appropriate for handoff communication because it provides relevant and specific information about the patient’s care plan and any pending tasks that need to be completed by the next nurse.

It also allows for the opportunity for discussion and clarification between the nurses.

Choice A is wrong because it is subjective and disrespectful to the patient.

It does not convey any useful information about the patient’s condition, needs, or preferences.

It may also create a negative bias or impression on the next nurse, which could affect the quality of care.

Choice C is wrong because it is not timely or relevant for handoff communication.

The patient’s allergies should be documented in the electronic health record (EHR) and verified with the patient before administering any medications.

It is not necessary to repeat this information during every handoff, unless there is a change or concern.

Choice D is wrong because it is too vague and incomplete for handoff communication.

It does not provide any details about the patient’s current status, vital signs, medications, interventions, or goals.

It also does not indicate any anticipated changes or potential complications that the next nurse should be aware of.

Handoff communication is a critical element of patient safety and continuity of care.

It involves the transfer of essential patient data from one caregiver to another during transitions of care across the continuum.It should be interactive, accurate, concise, and standardized.Some examples of handoff communication tools are SBAR (Situation, Background, Assessment, Recommendations), I PASS the BATON (Introduction, Patient, Assessment, Situation, Safety concerns, Background, Actions, Timing, Ownership, Next), ISHAPED (Introduction, Story, History, Assessment, Plan, Error prevention, Dialogue), and kardex.

These tools help to structure and organize the information exchange between providers and ensure that nothing is missed or misunderstood.

References:.

:12 patient handoff communication tools to know - Becker’s ASC.

:Handoff communication - standardizing nursing protocols.

:Communication Strategies for Patient Handoffs | ACOG.

:8 Tips for High-quality Hand-offs - The Joint Commission.

“I read back the order for a chest x-ray for Mr. Jones in room 20.”.

This is the best way to verify a telephone order from a radiologist, as it ensures that the nurse has accurately transcribed the order and that the radiologist has confirmed it.

Reading back the order also allows the nurse to clarify any doubts or questions about the order, such as the urgency, the reason, or the patient’s condition.

Choice A is wrong because it does not verify the order, but simply repeats it.

The nurse should not assume that the order is correct without confirmation from the radiologist.

Choice B is wrong because it asks the radiologist to repeat the order, which is inefficient and may cause confusion or errors.

The nurse should repeat the order to the radiologist, not the other way around.

Choice C is wrong because it uses a closed-ended question that can be answered with a yes or no, which may not reflect the radiologist’s true intention or understanding of the order.

The nurse should use an open-ended statement that requires the radiologist to acknowledge or correct the order.

According to federal regulations and accreditation standards, verbal and telephone orders should be authenticated by the prescriber within a specified time frame, usually 24 hours.Some states may have different or more stringent requirements, so nurses should be familiar with their state laws and regulations.Verbal and telephone orders should also be documented and signed by two nurses or one nurse and one enrolled endorsed nurse for verification and administration.

To provide continuity of care.

A care plan conference is a meeting between the nursing home staff, the resident, and the resident’s family to set measurable, specific goals for the resident to meet during their stay, decide what needs to be done to meet those goals, and decide who in the nursing home is responsible for performing each job necessary to help the resident.The main purpose of this meeting is to provide continuity of care, which means ensuring that the resident receives consistent and coordinated care across different settings and providers.

Choice A is wrong becauseto discuss possible solutions to certain client problemsis not the main purpose of a care plan conference, although it may be one of the topics discussed.

A care plan conference is not meant to address only specific problems, but rather the overall plan of care for the resident.

Choice B is wrong becauseto evaluate the effectiveness of the care givenis not the main purpose of a care plan conference, although it may be one of the outcomes of the meeting.

A care plan conference is not meant to assess only the performance of the staff, but rather the progress of the resident.

Choice C is wrong becauseto gather information for the plan of careis not the main purpose of a care plan conference, although it may be one of the steps involved.

A care plan conference is not meant to collect only information, but rather to use it to develop and update the plan of care.

Assess the client’s understanding and readiness for discharge.

This is the first action that the nurse should take because it allows the nurse to evaluate the client’s mental status, coping skills, and educational needs.

The nurse should also explore the reasons why the client wants to go home and address any concerns or fears that the client may have.

Choice A is wrong because it is not client-centered and may increase the client’s anxiety or anger.

The nurse should not threaten or coerce the client to stay in the hospital against his will.

Choice B is wrong because it is not the priority at this time.

The nurse should first assess the client’s knowledge and willingness to undergo the cardiac catheterization before providing information about it.

Choice D is wrong because it is not the first action that the nurse should take.

The nurse should notify the physician and the charge nurse after assessing the client and documenting the findings.

A cardiac catheterization is a procedure that uses a thin, flexible tube (catheter) to access the heart and blood vessels.It can help diagnose and treat various heart conditions, such as coronary artery disease, heart valve disease, congenital heart defects, or heart failure.

Some of the benefits of cardiac catheterization are:.

• It can provide detailed information about the structure and function of the heart and blood vessels that other tests may not show.

• It can help determine the best treatment plan for the client based on his or her specific condition and needs.

• It can deliver treatments such as angioplasty, stent placement, valve repair or replacement, or device implantation during the same procedure.

• It can reduce the need for more invasive surgery or repeated hospitalizations.

Narrative charting.

This type of documentation is an example of narrative charting because it chronicles all of the patient’s assessment findings and nursing activities that occurred throughout the shift in a descriptive format.

Some other choices are:.

• Choice A is wrong because SOAP charting is a type of documentation that is organized by four categories: Subjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan.

It is commonly used in problem-oriented medical records.

• Choice B is wrong because PIE charting is a type of documentation that uses three categories: Problem, Intervention, and Evaluation.

It is based on the nursing process and eliminates the need for a separate care plan.

• Choice C is wrong because Focus charting is a type of documentation that uses three categories: Data, Action, and Response.

It emphasizes the patient’s concerns, problems, or strengths rather than medical diagnoses.

Normal ranges for vital signs and laboratory values may vary depending on the facility and the patient’s condition.

However, some general ranges are:.

• Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F).

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Respirations: 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

• Blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg or lower.

• Oxygen saturation: 95% or higher.

• Hemoglobin: 12 to 18 g/dL for men, 11 to 16 g/dL for women.

• Hematocrit: 37% to 49% for men, 36% to 46% for women.

• White blood cell count: 4,000 to 11,000 cells/mm3.

• Platelet count: 150,000 to 400,000 cells/mm3.

• Blood glucose: 70 to 110 mg/dL.

Choice A is correct because using standardized terminology and abbreviations can improve the clarity, accuracy, and consistency of the documentation in an EHR system.

• Choice B is correct because entering data as soon as possible after providing care can ensure the timeliness, completeness, and validity of the information in an EHR system.

• Choice C is wrong because sharing login information with other authorized users can compromise the security, privacy, and integrity of the EHR system.HIPAA guidelines require that each user has a unique identifier and password to access the EHR system.

• Choice D is correct because reviewing and verifying data before saving or submitting can prevent errors, omissions, and discrepancies in the EHR system.

• Choice E is wrong because correcting errors by drawing a single line through them is a method used for paper records, not electronic records.Electronic records should have a mechanism to track changes and corrections without altering the original data.

:HIPAA Guidelines for Electronic Medical Records:Electronic Health Records - Health IT Playbook.

Documentation should be done as soon as possible after an event has occurred, because this ensures accuracy, timeliness, and continuity of care.Documentation should include objective data (what the nurse observes or measures), subjective data (what the patient says or feels), and nursing interventions (what the nurse does or plans to do) to provide a clear picture of the patient’s condition and needs.Documentation should use abbreviations, symbols, and acronyms that are approved by the facility, because this promotes consistency, clarity, and compliance with legal and professional standards.

Choice D is wrong because documentation should not include opinions, judgments, or assumptions about the client’s condition, as these are not based on facts or evidence and may be biased or inaccurate.Documentation should be factual, accurate, and objective.

Choice E is wrong because documentation should reflect the nursing process and the standards of care, but this is not a complete statement.Documentation should also reflect the patient’s perspective, preferences, and goals.Documentation should be patient-centered, holistic, and individualized.

Normal ranges for clinical observations vary depending on the patient’s age, health status, and other factors.

However, some general ranges are:.

• Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C.

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Respirations: 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

• Blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg or lower.

• Oxygen saturation: 95% or higher.

Sources:.

It allows access to client information from multiple locations.

This is an advantage of using a computerized system for documentation and reporting because it enables health care providers to access relevant and updated information about their clients from different locations, such as hospitals, clinics, or home care settings.This can improve the quality and continuity of care, as well as facilitate communication and collaboration among different members of the health care team.

Choice A is wrong because it is not true that a computerized system eliminates errors and inaccuracies in documentation.While a computerized system can reduce some types of errors, such as illegible handwriting or misplaced files, it can also introduce new types of errors, such as data entry mistakes, software glitches, or system failures.

Choice C is wrong because it is not true that a computerized system reduces the need for verbal or written communication among health care providers.On the contrary, a computerized system can enhance communication by allowing health care providers to share information more easily and quickly, but it does not replace the need for verbal or written communication to clarify, confirm, or discuss the information.

Choice D is wrong because it is not true that a computerized system protects client information from unauthorized disclosure or alteration.

While a computerized system can provide some security features, such as passwords, encryption, or audit trails, it can also pose some risks, such as hacking, phishing, or malware attacks.Therefore, health care providers need to follow ethical and legal guidelines to ensure the confidentiality and integrity of client information in a computerized system.

A statement of facts, changes, trends, and responses to treatment.This is the best way to report a change in a client’s condition to another health care provider because it provides clear, concise, and relevant information that can help with decision making and continuity of care.

Choice A is wrong because a summary of all the interventions performed since admission is too broad and may not reflect the current situation of the client.

Choice B is wrong because a description of how the nurse feels about the client’s situation is subjective and may not be helpful for the other health care provider.Choice C is wrong because a comparison of the client’s condition with other similar cases is not specific to the individual client and may not account for differences in factors such as age, comorbidities, or preferences.

Normal ranges for vital signs, laboratory values, and other parameters may vary depending on the source and the context, but some common examples are:.

• Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F).

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Respirations: 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

• Blood pressure: less than 120/80 mm Hg.

• Oxygen saturation: greater than 95%.

• Blood glucose: 4.0 to 7.8 mmol/L (72 to 140 mg/dL).

• Hemoglobin: 13.5 to 17.5 g/dL for males, 12.0 to 15.5 g/dL for females.

• White blood cell count: 4.0 to 11.0 x 10^9/L.

• Platelet count: 150 to 400 x 10^9/L.

Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plan.This is the meaning of SOAP format, which is a documentation method used by nurses and other healthcare providers to write out notes in the patient’s chart.

Choice B is wrong becauseSituation, Observation, Action, Problemis not a documentation method, but a communication tool used in handovers and briefings.

Choice C is wrong becauseSummary, Outcome, Analysis, Processis not a documentation method, but a framework for writing reflective essays.

Choice D is wrong becauseSource, Opinion, Accuracy, Purposeis not a documentation method, but a criteria for evaluating information sources.

SOAP format helps to organize the information collected from the patient in a clear and consistent manner.

It consists of four components:.

• Subjective: This includes how the patient is feeling and how they have been since the last review in their own words.

• Objective: This includes the objective observations that can be measured, seen, heard, felt or smelled, such as vital signs, fluid balance, clinical examination findings and investigation results.

• Assessment: This includes the thoughts on the salient issues and the diagnosis (or differential diagnosis) based on the subjective and objective data.

• Plan: This includes the actions that will be taken to address the patient’s problems, such as medications, investigations, referrals and follow-ups.

“I should document any incident that occurs during my shift and notify the provider.” This statement indicates an understanding of the legal aspects of documentation, which include:.

• Documenting accurately, objectively, and completely to provide evidence of care delivery and support the nurse’s moral and legal responsibilities.

• Documenting any change in the patient’s condition, treatments, medications, interventions, client responses, and complaints.

• Documenting any incident that occurs during the shift and notifying the provider to ensure appropriate follow-up and prevent further harm.

• Documenting in a timely manner to minimize errors and omissions.

The other choices are wrong because:.

• Choice A is wrong because documenting only normal findings can mislead the client and other health professionals about the actual status of the client.It can also impede patient care and hinder the nurse’s legal defense in the event of a malpractice lawsuit.

• Choice C is wrong because documenting in advance can compromise the accuracy and integrity of the documentation.It can also lead to legal action if the documented events do not match the actual events.

• Choice D is wrong because documenting personal opinions about the client’s condition and care can be considered unprofessional, biased, and disrespectful.It can also damage the nurse-client relationship and expose the nurse to legal liability.

Normal ranges for documentation depend on the type of information being documented, such as vital signs, laboratory values, assessment findings, etc.

They may vary according to different sources and standards.

Nurses should follow the policies and procedures of their institution and use their clinical judgment when documenting abnormal findings.

“I should document any incident that occurs during my shift and notify the provider.” This statement indicates an understanding of the legal aspects of documentation, which include:.

• Documenting accurately, objectively, and completely to provide evidence of care delivery and support the nurse’s moral and legal responsibilities.

• Documenting any change in the patient’s condition, treatments, medications, interventions, client responses, and complaints.

• Documenting any incident that occurs during the shift and notifying the provider to ensure appropriate follow-up and prevent further harm.

• Documenting in a timely manner to minimize errors and omissions.

The other choices are wrong because:.

• Choice A is wrong because documenting only normal findings can mislead the client and other health professionals about the actual status of the client.It can also impede patient care and hinder the nurse’s legal defense in the event of a malpractice lawsuit.

• Choice C is wrong because documenting in advance can compromise the accuracy and integrity of the documentation.It can also lead to legal action if the documented events do not match the actual events.

• Choice D is wrong because documenting personal opinions about the client’s condition and care can be considered unprofessional, biased, and disrespectful.It can also damage the nurse-client relationship and expose the nurse to legal liability.

Normal ranges for documentation depend on the type of information being documented, such as vital signs, laboratory values, assessment findings, etc.

They may vary according to different sources and standards.

Nurses should follow the policies and procedures of their institution and use their clinical judgment when documenting abnormal findings.

A. Log off the system when leaving the workstation.

This is a correct action to ensure confidentiality and security of electronic health records (EHRs).

Logging off prevents unauthorized access to client information by other users who may use the same workstation.It also protects the system from malware or cyberattacks that may compromise the data integrity or availability.

B. Shred any printouts before discarding them.

This is also a correct action to ensure confidentiality and security of EHRs.

Shredding any printouts that contain client information prevents them from being accessed by unauthorized persons who may find them in the trash or recycling bins.It also complies with the legal and ethical obligations to protect the privacy of clients.

C. Use a personal digital assistant (PDA) to access client information.

This is an incorrect action to ensure confidentiality and security of EHRs.

Using a PDA to access client information may expose the data to unauthorized access, loss, theft, or damage.

PDAs are typically not encrypted or password-protected, and may not have adequate security features or software updates to prevent cyberattacks or malware infections.PDAs may also not be compatible with the EHR system or follow the data standards and interoperability requirements.

D. Change the password at regular intervals.

This is another correct action to ensure confidentiality and security of EHRs.

Changing the password at regular intervals reduces the risk of password cracking, guessing, or phishing by unauthorized users or hackers.It also helps to maintain the accountability and authentication of authorized users who access the EHR system.

E. Report any breaches or attempted breaches to the appropriate authority.

This is also a correct action to ensure confidentiality and security of EHRs.

Reporting any breaches or attempted breaches to the appropriate authority helps to identify and mitigate the impact of any data loss, corruption, or disclosure.It also helps to comply with the legal and regulatory obligations to notify the affected clients and stakeholders, and to prevent further breaches or incidents.

Focus.

Focus charting is a method of organizing health information in an individual’s record using nursing terminology to describe the individual’s health status and nursing actions.The focus of each entry can be a nursing diagnosis, a sign or symptom, an acute change in condition, a significant event, or a key word indicating compliance with a standard of care.

The focus charting method uses three columns: date and hour, focus, and progress notes.The progress notes are organized into data, action, and response, referred to as DAR.

Choice A is wrong because data is not the term used to begin each entry, but rather the category that describes the subjective and/or objective information supporting the stated focus.Choice B is wrong because problem is not the term used to begin each entry, but rather the nursing diagnosis or collaborative problem on the plan of care.Choice D is wrong because assessment is not the term used to begin each entry, but rather the phase of the nursing process that involves collecting data.

It reduces duplication of documentation among caregivers.

This is an advantage of using an EHR system because it allows different healthcare providers to access and update the same record, avoiding unnecessary repetition and inconsistency.An EHR system also improves the quality and safety of care by providing clinical decision support, reducing medication errors, and facilitating communication among caregivers.

Choice A is wrong because it is not the only advantage of using an EHR system.While it is true that an EHR system eliminates errors due to illegible handwriting, it may also introduce new types of errors such as data entry mistakes, system failures, or unauthorized access.

Choice B is wrong because it is not an advantage of using an EHR system.

In fact, it may be a disadvantage because it poses a risk to the confidentiality and security of the clients’ records.An EHR system should have built-in safeguards to protect the privacy and integrity of the data, such as encryption, passwords, and audit trails.

Choice D is wrong because it is not an advantage of using an EHR system.It is a requirement of any health record system, whether electronic or paper-based, to comply with the ethical and legal standards of confidentiality.

An EHR system does not provide any additional safeguards that are not already present in a paper-based system.

Normal ranges for vital signs are as follows:.

• Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C (97.7°F to 99.5°F).

• Pulse: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Respirations: 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

• Blood pressure: less than 120/80 mm Hg.

The nurse should include factual information about what happened and notify the risk management department.These actions are part of the steps of reporting medication errorsand the good practice guide on recording, coding, reporting and assessment of medication errors.

Choice B is wrong because the nurse should not state opinions about who was responsible for the error.

This could be seen as biased, unprofessional or accusatory.

The nurse should focus on the facts and the causes of the error, not on blaming individuals.

Choice C is wrong because the nurse should not file the report in the client’s medical record.

This could violate the client’s privacy and confidentiality.

The report should be filed in a separate system that is accessible only to authorized personnel.

Choice E is wrong because the nurse should not discuss possible solutions to prevent future errors.

This could be premature, unrealistic or inappropriate.

The nurse should leave this task to the investigation team or the risk management department, who will analyse the incident and make recommendations based on evidence and best practice.

A flow sheet is a type of document that recordsroutineandfrequentdata in agraphicalortabularform.It is used tomonitorandevaluatethe patient’s condition and response to treatment over time.A flow sheet should include information that isrelevant,conciseandeasy to read.

• Choice A is correct because vital signs are one of the most common and important data that need to be recorded and monitored regularly for any patient.

• Choice B is correct because allergies are essential information that can affect the patient’s treatment plan and prevent adverse reactions.

• Choice C is correct because medication administration is another crucial data that shows what drugs, doses, routes and times the patient has received or will receive.

• Choice D is wrong because medical history is not a routine or frequent data that needs to be recorded in a flow sheet.Medical history is usually documented in a separate form that provides more details and background information about the patient’s past and present health conditions.

• Choice E is correct because intake and output are important data that indicate the patient’s fluid balance and renal function.

They need to be recorded and monitored regularly, especially for patients who have fluid restrictions.

Focus charting is a method of organizing health information in an individual’s record that centers on the patient’s concerns and strengths.It uses a three-column format to document the data, action and response (DAR) of each focus.

The advantages of using focus charting are:.

• It highlights the client’s concerns and strengths, which makes the care more patient-centered and holistic.

• It reduces redundancy and duplication of data, as it avoids repeating information that is already recorded in other forms or flow sheets.

• It facilitates communication among health care team members, as it promotes interdisciplinary documentation and helps organize the information in a concise and precise way.

Choice D is wrong because focus charting does not incorporate nursing diagnoses and care plans, although it is based on the nursing process.Nursing diagnoses and care plans are documented separately or as part of the action category.

Choice E is wrong because focus charting does not provide a chronological record of events, but rather organizes the data by the focus.A chronological record of events can be found in other forms of documentation, such as narrative or SOAP notes.

These are the only options that describe thesubjectiveandobjectivedata of the patient, which are part of theSOAPdocumentation method.SOAP stands forSubjective, Objective, Assessment, and Plan, and it is a way of recording patient data in a clear and consistent manner.

ChoiceCis wrong because wound culture results are not part of the assessment entry in SOAP documentation.They are part of the investigation results, which are usually documented in the objective section.

ChoiceDis wrong because risk for infection related to impaired skin integrity is a nursing diagnosis, not an assessment.Nursing diagnoses are usually documented in the plan section of SOAP documentation.

ChoiceEis wrong because applied moist heat compresses to the wound site is an intervention, not an assessment.Interventions are also documented in the plan section of SOAP documentation.

Normal ranges for vital signs are as follows:.

• Blood pressure: 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg.

• Pulse rate: 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• Respiratory rate: 12 to 20 breaths per minute.

• SpO2: 95% to 100%.

• Temperature: 36.5°C to 37.5°C.

Medication administration record.

A medication administration record (MAR) is a document that records the medications that have been given to a patient, including the dose, route, time, and nurse’s initials.

A MAR is an essential part of nursing documentation and ensures safe and accurate medication administration.

Choice A is wrong because a graphic record is a document that shows the trends of vital signs, intake and output, weight, and other measurements over time.

A graphic record does not include information about medications.

Choice B is wrong because a daily care record is a document that records the routine care activities that have been performed for a patient, such as hygiene, nutrition, elimination, mobility, and comfort measures.

A daily care record does not include information about medications.

Choice D is wrong because a client teaching record is a document that records the education that has been provided to a patient or family, such as disease process, medications, diet, exercise, self-care, and discharge planning.

A client teaching record does not include information about medication administration.

CBE documentation is a method of charting by exception that allows the nurse to document only those findings that fall outside the standard of care or norms defined by a specific institution.

CBE documentation reduces the amount of time required to document care and eliminates unnecessary or redundant information.

However, CBE documentation does not apply to medication administration, which must be documented accurately and completely for every patient.

A critical pathway provides guidelines for managing clients with similar health problems.According to the definition from Wikipedia, a critical pathway is one of the main tools used to manage the quality in healthcare concerning the standardisation of care processes.It has been shown that their implementation reduces the variability in clinical practice and improves outcomes.

Choice A is wrong because a critical pathway does not specify the plan of care for clients with different diagnoses, but rather for a specific group of patients with a predictable clinical course.Choice C is wrong because a critical pathway does not describe the roles and responsibilities of each member of the health care team, but rather defines, optimizes and sequences the different tasks (interventions) by the professionals involved in the patient care.Choice D is wrong because a critical pathway does not evaluate the quality and cost-effectiveness of care delivered to clients, but rather aims to promote organised and efficient patient care based on evidence-based medicine.

Normal ranges for COPD are: FEV1/FVC ratio < 0.7; FEV1 < 80% predicted; FVC normal or reduced; TLC > 80% predicted; RV > 120% predicted; DLCO < 80% predicted.

The nurse should use a personal password to access the system and log off when finished, and report any breaches or attempted breaches of security to the appropriate personnel.

These actions ensure confidentiality and security of the client’s information by preventing unauthorized access and disclosing any violations.

Choice B is wrong because sharing the password with other nurses who need to access the system violates the principle ofminimum necessary access, which means that only those who need the information for a specific purpose should have access to it.

Choice C is wrong because printing out a copy of the client’s record and storing it in a locked cabinet creates a risk ofloss, theft, or unauthorized disclosureof the paper record.The nurse should avoid printing out electronic health records unless absolutely necessary, and should follow the proper disposal procedures if they do.

Choice E is wrong because deleting any information that is incorrect or outdated from the system may compromise theintegrity and availabilityof the client’s information.The nurse should follow the established policies and procedures for correcting or updating electronic health records, which may include adding an addendum or annotation to the original entry, but not deleting it.

Home health certification and plan of treatment.This is the record that the nurse uses to certify that the client meets Medicare eligibility criteria and to outline the services to be provided.A home health certification and plan of treatment is a document that contains the physician’s or allowed practitioner’s orders for home health services, the patient’s diagnosis, the patient’s functional limitations, the type and amount of services needed, and the expected duration of care.

Choice B is wrong becauseOutcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS)is a standardized assessment tool that HHAs use to collect data on adult patients receiving skilled services.

OASIS is not used to certify eligibility or plan treatment.

Choice C is wrong becauseHome care flow sheetis a form that HHAs use to document the daily care provided by nurses and home health aides.

A home care flow sheet does not certify eligibility or plan treatment.

Choice D is wrong becauseHome care progress noteis a form that HHAs use to document the patient’s progress toward the goals of care, any changes in the plan of care, and any communication with other health care providers.

A home care progress note does not certify eligibility or plan treatment.

Daily weight, blood pressure, and pulse.

A flow sheet is a type of document that records specific information in a structured and concise way, such as vital signs, fluid intake and output, pain level, etc.A flow sheet is useful for clinical communication and tracking the patient’s condition over time.A medication administration record (MAR) is a separate document that records the medications given to the patient, the dosage, the route, and the time.A nursing diagnosis and care plan is a document that identifies the patient’s problems and goals, and the interventions to achieve them.A discharge planning and referral summary is a document that outlines the patient’s needs and resources after leaving the facility, such as follow-up appointments, home care services, etc.

These documents are not part of a flow sheet.

Choice B is wrong because a MAR is not a flow sheet.

Choice C is wrong because a nursing diagnosis and care plan is not a flow sheet.

Choice D is wrong because a discharge planning and referral summary is not a flow sheet.

Normal ranges for daily weight vary depending on the patient’s age, height, gender, and medical condition.However, a general guideline is that a weight gain or loss of more than 2 kg (4.4 lbs) in a week or 0.9 kg (2 lbs) in a day may indicate fluid retention or dehydration.Normal ranges for blood pressure are less than 120/80 mmHg for adults, and less than 95/65 mmHg for children.Normal ranges for pulse are 60 to 100 beats per minute for adults, and 70 to 120 beats per minute for children.

The nurse should use the following abbreviations when documenting the care of a client who has pneumonia and is receiving oxygen therapy via nasal cannula at 2 L/min:.

• O2: This stands for oxygen and indicates the type of gas being delivered to the patient.

• NC: This stands for nasal cannula and indicates the device used to deliver oxygen to the patient.

• SpO2: This stands for peripheral oxygen saturation and indicates the percentage of hemoglobin that is saturated with oxygen in the blood.

It is measured by a pulse oximeter attached to the patient’s finger or earlobe.

• RR: This stands for respiratory rate and indicates the number of breaths per minute that the patient takes.

It is an important vital sign to monitor in patients with respiratory conditions.

Choice C is wrong because LPM is not an accepted abbreviation for oxygen therapy.LPM stands for liters per minute and indicates the flow rate of oxygen being delivered to the patient.However, it should not be abbreviated as LPM, but written out in full or as L/min.This is to avoid confusion with other abbreviations such as lpm (lowercase L) which stands for light per minute, a unit of luminous flux.

Normal ranges for SpO2 and RR vary depending on the age, health status and activity level of the patient, but generally they are:.

• SpO2: 95% to 100% for healthy adults.

Lower values may indicate hypoxemia (low blood oxygen level) or other conditions affecting oxygen delivery or uptake in the body.

• RR: 12 to 20 breaths per minute for healthy adults.

Higher or lower values may indicate respiratory distress, infection, pain, anxiety or other conditions affecting breathing.