Choice A rationale:

Enlarged cervical lymph nodes are not typically associated with vulvovaginitis; they might indicate an infection or other unrelated condition.

Choice B rationale:

Pain during bowel movements is more suggestive of conditions involving the rectum or anus rather than vulvovaginitis.

Choice C rationale:

Foul-smelling vaginal discharge can indicate an infection or inflammation in the vaginal area, aligning with the expected finding in vulvovaginitis.

Choice D rationale:

Elevated blood pressure is not a characteristic sign of vulvovaginitis and is unrelated to this condition.

Choice A rationale:

Taking metronidazole with an antacid may decrease its absorption and effectiveness.

Choice B rationale:

Metronidazole and alcohol interaction can lead to a disulfiram-like reaction, causing nausea, vomiting, flushing, and palpitations. Avoiding alcohol ensures the client's safety and prevents adverse effects.

Choice C rationale:

Taking metronidazole on an empty stomach is not necessary and may increase the risk of gastrointestinal upset.

Choice D rationale:

Discontinuing metronidazole prematurely can lead to treatment failure and potential recurrence of infection.

Choice A rationale:

Avoiding sexual intercourse during treatment helps prevent further irritation and infection spread.

Choice B rationale:

Hormonal contraceptives are unrelated to preventing vulvovaginal candidiasis (CV) recurrence.

Choice C rationale:

Wearing loose-fitting cotton underwear promotes airflow, reduces moisture, and prevents fungal overgrowth.

Choice D rationale:

Limiting sexual partners reduces the risk of exposure to potential sources of infection.

Choice E rationale:

Completing the full course of antifungal medication ensures complete eradication of the infection and reduces the risk of recurrence.

Choice A rationale:

Early-stage Ebola virus disease (EVD) commonly presents with symptoms such as abdominal pain, fever, fatigue, and muscle pain.

Choice B rationale:

Vision problems are not typically associated with early-stage EVD.

Choice C rationale:

Memory loss is not a characteristic symptom of early-stage EVD.

Choice D rationale:

Joint pain is not a primary symptom in the early stages of EVD; muscle pain is more common.

Choice A rationale:

The statement is incorrect. Ebola virus transmission does not occur through the air. It is primarily spread through direct contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals.

Choice B rationale:

This statement is correct. Handling bushmeat, which is the meat of wild animals, can lead to Ebola virus transmission. Infected animals can carry the virus, and handling their meat without proper precautions can result in transmission.

Choice C rationale:

This statement is correct. Direct contact with infected bat's urine can transmit the virus. Bats can carry the Ebola virus, and their bodily fluids can contain the virus, leading to potential transmission.

Choice D rationale:

This statement is correct. Sexual contact with an infected person can transmit the virus. Ebola virus can be present in semen for a significant period after recovery, posing a risk of sexual transmission.

Choice E rationale:

This statement is correct. Consuming contaminated food can transmit the virus. If the food is contaminated with infected bodily fluids or if an infected animal is consumed, transmission can occur.

Choice A rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Weakness and severe headache are symptoms commonly seen in the early stages of Ebola virus disease (EVD), not the later stages.

Choice B rationale:

This statement is appropriate. Since the client is in the early stages of EVD and presents with symptoms like weakness and severe headache, the nurse's response acknowledges the possibility of these symptoms being related to a common cold but still highlights the need for further evaluation due to the potential severity of EVD.

Choice C rationale:

This statement is irrelevant and does not address the client's current symptoms or concerns.

Choice D rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Joint and muscle pain are indeed associated with EVD and can be significant symptoms.

Choice A rationale:

This statement is appropriate. Unexplained internal and external bleeding is a hallmark symptom of Ebola virus disease (EVD), and it requires immediate medical attention due to its potentially life-threatening nature.

Choice B rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Bleeding is a characteristic symptom of EVD, and the nurse should not dismiss it as being due to another condition without proper evaluation.

Choice C rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Increased white blood cells would not explain the bleeding and are not associated with this symptom in EVD.

Choice D rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Bleeding from the nose and eyes is significant in the context of EVD and should not be downplayed as insignificant.

Choice A rationale:

The case fatality rate of EVD being always 90% or higher is inaccurate. While EVD can have high case fatality rates during outbreaks, it is not a fixed percentage and can vary.

Choice B rationale:

The case fatality rate of EVD being around 25% on average is also inaccurate. This value is too low compared to historical outbreaks.

Choice C rationale:

This is the correct answer. The case fatality rate of EVD indeed varies depending on factors like the specific virus species involved, the quality of medical care, and the available resources in the affected area. Case fatality rates can range from approximately 25% to over 90%, depending on these factors.

Choice D rationale:

The case fatality rate of EVD being the same regardless of the treatment received is incorrect. Adequate medical care and supportive treatments can significantly impact the outcome and lower the fatality rate.

Choice A rationale:

Wearing gloves and a gown while in contact with the patient is essential, but it does not address the potential airborne transmission of Ebola virus.

Choice B rationale:

Ensuring that the patient's visitors wear a mask is important, but it does not directly address the isolation and containment of the virus within the hospital environment.

Choice C rationale:

This is the correct answer. Placing the patient in a room with negative pressure airflow helps prevent the spread of contaminated air to other areas of the hospital. It reduces the risk of airborne transmission of the virus, which is crucial in containing the disease.

Choice D rationale:

Avoiding the use of hand sanitizers to prevent the spread of the virus is not a recommended precautionary measure. Hand hygiene, including the use of hand sanitizers, is still crucial in preventing the spread of infections, including Ebola.

Choice A rationale:

An elevated platelet count is less likely in a patient with EVD. Thrombocytopenia (low platelet count) is a common laboratory finding in EVD due to the virus's impact on the bone marrow.

Choice B rationale:

Decreased liver enzymes is less likely. EVD can lead to elevated liver enzymes due to liver damage caused by the virus.

Choice C rationale:

This is the correct answer. A decreased white blood cell count, specifically lymphocytes, is expected in a patient with EVD. The virus can lead to suppression of the immune system, including a decrease in white blood cell counts.

Choice D rationale:

Elevated serum creatinine levels are not a typical finding in EVD. Kidney dysfunction is not a primary feature of the disease, so elevated creatinine levels are less likely.

Choice A rationale:

Limit contact with others for at least three months after recovery. This is not accurate. While it's important to limit contact during the acute phase of the illness, Ebola virus disease (EVD) does not remain contagious for three months after recovery.

Choice B rationale:

Continue to use barrier methods during sexual intercourse for six months. This is correct. Ebola virus can persist in the semen of male survivors for up to six months after recovery. Barrier methods should be used to prevent sexual transmission during this period.

Choice C rationale:

Avoid consuming raw or undercooked meat. This is correct. Ebola virus can be transmitted through the consumption of infected meat from animals, so it's important to avoid raw or undercooked meat.

Choice D rationale:

Monitor blood pressure daily. This is not directly related to EVD recovery instructions. While monitoring blood pressure is important for overall health, it is not a specific recommendation for EVD recovery.

Choice E rationale:

Return to work immediately after being discharged. This is not accurate. Patients who have recovered from EVD should be cautious about returning to work immediately due to potential fatigue and lingering symptoms. They should follow appropriate recovery guidelines.

Choice A rationale:

Blood culture. While blood cultures can detect certain infections, they are not the primary diagnostic test for Ebola virus disease (EVD) EVD is typically confirmed through molecular methods.

Choice B rationale:

Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray may show nonspecific findings but is not a specific diagnostic test for EVD.

Choice C rationale:

Urinalysis. Urinalysis is not a primary diagnostic test for EVD. The virus is primarily detected through blood samples.

Choice D rationale:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) This is correct. ELISA is used to detect antibodies or antigens in the blood. It can be used to confirm the presence of Ebola virus antigens or antibodies, aiding in the diagnosis of EVD.

Choice A rationale:

Administering oxygen and mechanical ventilation. This is correct. Supportive care for EVD may involve managing respiratory symptoms, including providing oxygen and mechanical ventilation if necessary.

Choice B rationale:

Providing psychological support and counseling. This is correct. EVD can be emotionally distressing for patients. Providing psychological support and counseling can help patients cope with the illness and its effects.

Choice C rationale:

Performing blood transfusions and clotting factor administration. While EVD can lead to clotting abnormalities, routine blood transfusions and clotting factor administration are not standard treatments for the disease.

Choice D rationale:

Applying warm compresses to reduce fever. While fever is a symptom of EVD, applying warm compresses is not recommended. Fever management should be under medical supervision.

Choice E rationale:

Monitoring organ function regularly. This is correct. EVD can lead to multi-organ dysfunction. Regular monitoring of organ function helps detect and manage potential complications.

Choice A rationale:

EVD is not transmitted through the air like the flu. It primarily spreads through direct contact with infected body fluids.

Choice B rationale:

While contaminated food and water can transmit some diseases, EVD is primarily spread through direct contact with infected animals or people's body fluids.

Choice C rationale:

This is the correct choice. EVD is mainly transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or people's body fluids, such as blood, saliva, sweat, and urine.

Choice D rationale:

EVD is not transmitted by mosquito bites. It is not caused by a mosquito-borne virus.

Choice A rationale:

Antibiotics are not effective against viral infections like EVD. EVD does not have a specific antibiotic treatment.

Choice B rationale:

Avoiding seeking medical attention would be dangerous and can contribute to the spread of the disease.

Choice C rationale:

EVD can be transmitted through various routes, including contact with infected body fluids, not just sexual contact.

Choice D rationale:

This is the appropriate response. It reassures the client that necessary precautions will be taken to prevent the spread of the disease and offers a sense of security.

Choice A rationale:

This is the most important measure to emphasize. Avoiding contact with infected animals or people and their fluids is crucial to reduce the risk of transmission.

Choice B rationale:

While face masks are important in some situations, they alone may not be sufficient to prevent EVD transmission.

Choice C rationale:

Eating cooked meat from infected animals does not build immunity and can actually increase the risk of transmission.

Choice D rationale:

While disinfecting surfaces is important for infection control, it may not be the most emphasized measure for EVD prevention.

Choice A rationale:

Sending the client home with symptomatic relief medications is not appropriate for suspected Ebola virus disease (EVD) EVD is a serious and highly infectious disease that requires immediate isolation and contact tracing to prevent its spread.

Choice B rationale:

Initiating contact tracing for 14 days is the correct nursing action. Ebola is transmitted through direct contact with blood, body fluids, and tissues of infected animals or people. Identifying and monitoring individuals who may have been exposed is crucial to preventing further transmission.

Choice C rationale:

Encouraging the client to self-isolate for 24 hours is insufficient. Ebola has an incubation period of 2 to 21 days, during which the client may become symptomatic. Isolating for only 24 hours does not adequately address the potential for transmission.

Choice D rationale:

Providing over-the-counter antiviral medication is not an appropriate action for suspected EVD. There is no specific antiviral treatment for Ebola, and symptomatic management alone would not address the potential for spread.

Choice A rationale:

Standard precautions involve basic infection prevention measures, but for suspected Ebola virus disease (EVD), more stringent precautions are necessary due to the potential for direct contact with contaminated body fluids.

Choice B rationale:

Contact precautions are essential when dealing with suspected EVD patients. Ebola is transmitted through direct contact with infected blood, secretions, organs, or other body fluids. Close physical contact with the patient requires wearing gloves, gowns, masks, and eye protection.

Choice C rationale:

Airborne precautions are not necessary for EVD. Ebola is not transmitted through the airborne route, and these precautions are more relevant for diseases like tuberculosis that spread through respiratory droplets.

Choice D rationale:

Droplet precautions are not appropriate for EVD either, as Ebola is not primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets.

Choice A rationale:

Handwashing with soap and water is a crucial preventive measure. It helps reduce the risk of infection by removing potential contaminants from the hands.

Choice B rationale:

Avoiding travel to Ebola-affected regions is important to prevent exposure to the virus. Outbreaks often occur in specific geographic areas, and travel to these regions increases the risk of infection.

Choice C rationale:

Using mosquito nets is not directly relevant to preventing Ebola transmission. Ebola is not transmitted by mosquitoes; it primarily spreads through direct contact with infected individuals or their bodily fluids.

Choice D rationale:

Wearing PPE when caring for infected patients is essential to protect healthcare workers from direct contact with blood, secretions, and other potentially infectious materials.

Choice E rationale:

Eating raw fruits and vegetables from local markets is not a recommended preventive measure for EVD. While hygiene practices and food safety are important, this choice does not directly relate to Ebola transmission.

Choice A rationale:

Blood culture is not the primary diagnostic test for Ebola virus disease (EVD) ELISA is a more specific and sensitive test to detect Ebola virus antigens or antibodies in the blood, confirming the diagnosis.

Choice B rationale:

Chest X-ray is not a diagnostic test for EVD. It is used to evaluate lung conditions but is not specific to EVD diagnosis.

Choice C rationale:

Urinalysis is not a primary diagnostic test for EVD. ELISA is a more appropriate test to confirm the presence of the Ebola virus.

Choice D rationale:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the correct choice. It detects the presence of Ebola virus antigens or antibodies, providing definitive confirmation of EVD.

E.

Choice A rationale:

Administering oxygen and mechanical ventilation is essential as EVD can cause respiratory distress and failure.

Choice B rationale:

Providing psychological support and counseling is important due to the emotional stress and fear associated with EVD.

Choice C rationale:

Performing blood transfusions and clotting factor administration are not typical interventions for EVD. It primarily affects the immune system and does not usually lead to widespread coagulation issues.

Choice D rationale:

Applying warm compresses to reduce fever can worsen the patient's condition by promoting viral replication. Fever reduction in EVD is managed with antipyretics.

Choice E rationale:

Monitoring organ function regularly is crucial because EVD can lead to organ failure, particularly liver and kidney dysfunction.

Choice A rationale:

EVD is not transmitted through the air like the flu. It requires direct contact with infected bodily fluids.

Choice B rationale:

EVD is not transmitted through contaminated food and water. Direct contact with infected animals or people is the primary mode of transmission.

Choice C rationale:

The correct choice. EVD is transmitted through direct contact with infected animals or people's body fluids, such as blood, saliva, urine, and sweat.

Choice D rationale:

EVD is not transmitted by mosquito bites. It is not an arthropod-borne virus like malaria or dengue.

Choice A rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is not treated with antibiotics. EVD is caused by a virus, not a bacterial infection. It requires supportive care and management of symptoms.

Choice B rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Seeking medical attention is crucial if someone experiences symptoms of EVD, such as fever, fatigue, muscle pain, headache, and more. Delaying medical care can worsen the condition and increase the risk of transmission.

Choice C rationale:

This statement is incorrect. EVD can be transmitted through various routes, including direct contact with infected bodily fluids, not just sexual contact. It is important to provide accurate information to the client to prevent misunderstandings.

Choice D rationale:

This statement is correct. Assuring the client that necessary precautions will be taken to protect them and others from spreading the disease is appropriate. This helps alleviate fears and fosters trust in the healthcare team.

Choice A rationale:

This measure is crucial for preventing the transmission of Ebola virus disease (EVD) Direct contact with infected animals or people and their bodily fluids is a primary mode of transmission. By emphasizing this measure, the nurse promotes understanding of the disease's transmission pathways.

Choice B rationale:

This statement is incorrect. While face masks are important for protecting healthcare workers when providing care to EVD patients, using them at all times is not a comprehensive prevention strategy. Proper personal protective equipment (PPE) is necessary for healthcare settings.

Choice C rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Eating cooked meat from infected animals does not build immunity against EVD. It is important to avoid handling or consuming infected animals or their products altogether to reduce the risk of infection.

Choice D rationale:

This statement is incorrect. Alcohol-based cleaners may not be sufficient to disinfect surfaces contaminated with the Ebola virus. Healthcare facilities should follow recommended guidelines for proper disinfection protocols.