The correct answer is C. Decreased bladder capacity.

This is because benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a condition in which the prostate gland enlarges and compresses the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the bladder.This can cause difficulty in emptying the bladder completely, leading to increased frequency and urgency of urination, especially at night.The bladder may also lose its elasticity and ability to hold urine as it becomes overstretched.

Choice A is wrong because BPH causes increased urinary frequency, not decreased.This is due to the reduced bladder capacity and the residual urine that remains in the bladder after urination.

Choice B is wrong because BPH does not affect urine concentration directly.However, some medications used to treat BPH, such as diuretics, may increase urine concentration by removing excess fluid from the body.

Choice D is wrong because BPH does not cause increased kidney size.However, untreated BPH can lead to complications such as urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and kidney damage due to backflow of urine or obstruction of urine flow.

Some additional information:.

• BPH is a common condition that affects about half of men over 50 and up to 90% of men over 80.

• BPH is not the same as prostate cancer, but it can have similar symptoms.Therefore, it is important to have regular check-ups and screenings to rule out cancer.

• BPH can be diagnosed by a physical exam, a rectal exam, a urine test, a blood test for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), and other tests such as ultrasound, cystoscopy, or urodynamic testing.

• BPH can be treated by medications, surgery, or other procedures depending on the severity of symptoms, the size of the prostate, and the presence of complications or other health conditions.

• BPH can be prevented or managed by maintaining a healthy lifestyle, such as exercising regularly, drinking enough fluids, avoiding caffeine and alcohol, and eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and protein.

The correct answer isA, C, D, and E.

Here is why:.

• Choice A is correct because women may experiencevaginal dryness and atrophy due to decreased estrogen levelsafter menopause.

This can cause pain during sexual activity and increase the risk of vaginal infections and irritation.

• Choice B is wrong because men may have difficulty achieving erection due todecreasedtestosterone levels, not increased.

Testosterone is the hormone that stimulates sexual desire and erectile function in men, and it declines with age.

• Choice C is correct because women may havecessation of menstruation and decreased fertility due to decreased ovarian functionafter menopause.

The ovaries stop producing estrogen and progesterone, and stop releasing eggs.

This means that women can no longer become pregnant naturally after menopause.

• Choice D is correct because men may havedecreased sperm production and quality due to decreased testicular functionwith age.

The testicles shrink in size and produce less sperm, which may also have lower motility and more abnormalities.

This can affect male fertility and sexual performance.

• Choice E is correct because both genders may havedelayed sexual response due to decreased blood flow and nerve sensitivitywith age.

The blood vessels and nerves that supply the genital organs become less efficient, resulting in longer time to achieve arousal, orgasm, and erection.

This can also affect sexual satisfaction and pleasure.

Normal ranges for reproductive hormones vary depending on age, gender, and laboratory methods.

However, some general values are:.

• Estrogen: 15 to 350 pg/mL for women; 10 to 40 pg/mL for men.

• Progesterone: 0.1 to 0.3 ng/mL for women; less than 1 ng/mL for men.

• Testosterone: 300 to 1000 ng/dL for men; 15 to 70 ng/dL for women.

The correct answer is A.“You should drink more fluids to prevent dehydration.” Dehydration is a common complication of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in the elderly, and it can cause headaches, confusion, fatigue, and increased risk of infection.Drinking more fluids can help flush out the bacteria from the urinary tract and prevent further complications.

Choice B is wrong because limiting fluid intake can worsen dehydration and kidney function.

Choice C is wrong because caffeinated beverages do not cause bladder irritation, although they may increase urine frequency.

Choice D is wrong because checking urine color and odor is not a reliable way to monitor for infection, as these can be affected by other factors such as diet, medication, or hydration status.

Normal ranges for urine output are about 800 to 2000 mL per day for adults, depending on fluid intake and other factors.Normal urine color is pale yellow to amber, and normal urine odor is mild and slightly aromatic.

The correct answer is C.

“You may experience flushing, headache and nasal congestion as side effects.” Sildenafil (Viagra) is a medication that belongs to a group of drugs called phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors.It works by relaxing the muscles and blood vessels in the penis, allowing more blood to flow and causing an erection when sexually stimulated.However, it can also cause some common side effects such as flushing, headache and nasal congestion.

These are usually mild and temporary, but they can be bothersome for some people.

Choice A is wrong because sildenafil is not a medication that can be taken as needed before sexual activity.It should be taken about an hour before sexual activity, and not more than once a day.

Taking it too often or too close to sexual activity can increase the risk of side effects or interactions with other drugs.

Choice B is wrong because sildenafil is not contraindicated for people who have a history of heart disease.However, it should be used with caution and under medical supervision, as it can lower blood pressure and interact with some medications that are used to treat heart conditions, such as nitrates and riociguat.

People who have heart disease should consult their doctor before taking sildenafil and follow their instructions carefully.

Choice D is wrong because sildenafil does not interact with grapefruit juice or alcohol.However, grapefruit juice and alcohol can affect the absorption and metabolism of sildenafil, which can make it less effective or increase the risk of side effects.

Therefore, it is advisable to limit or avoid grapefruit juice and alcohol while taking sildenafil.

Normal ranges: Sildenafil comes in different doses, ranging from 25 mg to 100 mg.The usual starting dose is 50 mg, but it can be adjusted depending on the response and tolerance of the individual.

The maximum dose is 100 mg per day.Sildenafil should not be taken more than once a day or within 24 hours of taking another PDE5 inhibitor.

The correct answer is A.

“I have noticed that my breasts have become smaller and less firm as I age.” This is a normal and expected change in the breasts of older women, as the ligaments that support the breast tissue stretch and lose elasticity over time, and the breast fullness is compromised by the loss of fat and mammary ducts.Gravity, smoking, sunburn, and weight fluctuations can also contribute to breast sagging.

Choice B is wrong because it is not a response that reflects the woman’s awareness of her breast health, but rather a personal preference or difficulty.Wearing a supportive bra can help maintain breast shape and lift, but it cannot prevent or reverse sagging.

Choice C is wrong because it is not a response that indicates the woman has noticed any changes in her breasts due to aging, but rather a preventive measure that she performs to check for any abnormalities.Performing monthly breast self-examinations is recommended for all women, regardless of age or breast size.

Choice D is wrong because it is not a response that shows the woman has observed any changes in her breasts as she ages, but rather a screening tool that she uses to detect any signs of breast cancer.Having regular mammograms is advised for women over 40 years old, or earlier if they have a family history or other risk factors for breast cancer.

Normal ranges for breast size and shape vary widely among women, and there is no standard or ideal way that breasts should look.

However, some women may experience psychological distress or low self-esteem due to sagging breasts, and may seek cosmetic surgery to improve their appearance.Breast lift surgery can remove excess skin and lift the breasts to a higher position on the chest wall, and may also involve inserting implants to increase the volume of the breasts.

However, this procedure has risks and complications, and may not guarantee lasting results.

Therefore, women should consult with their doctors before deciding to undergo breast lift surgery.