A) Incorrect. Glomerulonephritis primarily affects the glomeruli, not the renal tubules.

B) Incorrect. The renal pelvis is not the primary site of glomerulonephritis; it is a part of the renal collecting system.

C) Correct. Glomerulonephritis is an inflammatory condition that primarily affects the glomeruli, which are tiny structures in the kidneys responsible for filtering blood.

D) Incorrect. The renal medulla is not the primary site of glomerulonephritis; it is deeper within the kidney and not directly involved in this condition.

A) Correct. Dark, cola-colored urine is often described as hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine, a common symptom of glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Proteinuria refers to the presence of excessive protein in the urine and may also occur in glomerulonephritis but is not specifically related to dark urine.

C) Incorrect. Oliguria is a condition characterized by decreased urine output and is not directly related to the color of urine in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Dysuria refers to painful urination and is not typically associated with dark, cola-colored urine.

A) Incorrect. Hypertension can be a complication of glomerulonephritis, but it is not a cause of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN).

B) Correct. PSGN is often linked to recent respiratory infections, particularly those caused by streptococcal bacteria.

C) Incorrect. Diabetes mellitus is not a common cause of PSGN.

D) Incorrect. Familial history may be a risk factor for some kidney diseases, but it is not a direct cause of PSGN.

A) Incorrect. Reabsorption of water and electrolytes primarily occurs in the renal tubules, not the glomeruli.

B) Correct. The primary function of the glomeruli is to filter blood to form urine by removing waste products and excess substances.

C) Incorrect. Hormone secretion, including renin, is not a primary function of the glomeruli but may occur elsewhere in the kidney.

D) Incorrect. While the kidneys play a role in blood pressure regulation, this function involves other structures in addition to the glomeruli.

A) Incorrect. Renal calculi (kidney stones) are a separate condition and not a common complication of glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Glomerular hyperfiltration may occur in some kidney diseases but is not a primary complication of glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Nephrotic syndrome is a different kidney disorder with its own set of symptoms and complications.

D) Correct. Renal artery stenosis, a narrowing of the renal artery supplying the kidney, is a common complication of glomerulonephritis and can lead to hypertension and heart failure.

A) Incorrect. Glomerulonephritis is not primarily characterized by reduced blood flow to the kidneys.

B) Incorrect. Increased GFR is not the primary mechanism involved in the pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis.

C) Correct. Inflammation and damage to the glomerular basement membrane, often triggered by immune responses, are central to the pathophysiology of glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Excessive reabsorption of sodium is not a primary factor in the development of glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Cell-mediated immunity is not the primary immune response associated with immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis.

B) Correct. Immune complex-mediated glomerulonephritis typically involves the formation of immune complexes (antigen-antibody complexes) that deposit in the glomeruli and trigger an inflammatory response.

C) Incorrect. Innate immunity is a nonspecific defense mechanism and is not the primary immune response involved in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Tolerance induction is a process by which the immune system recognizes self-antigens and does not directly relate to the development of glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Viral respiratory infections are not the most common type of infection associated with PSGN.

B) Incorrect. Bacterial skin infections are not typically linked to the development of PSGN.

C) Incorrect. Staphylococcal infections can lead to various illnesses, but they are not the primary cause of PSGN.

D) Correct. PSGN is most commonly associated with streptococcal infections, particularly group A streptococci.

A) Incorrect. Nephrotic syndrome is a different kidney disorder characterized by heavy proteinuria and edema but is not characterized by crescent-shaped structures in the glomeruli.

B) Correct. Rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis (RPGN) is characterized by the formation of crescent-shaped structures within the glomeruli and is a complication of glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Polycystic kidney disease involves the development of cysts within the kidneys and is unrelated to crescent formation in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Acute pyelonephritis is a different kidney condition caused by a bacterial infection of the renal pelvis and is not characterized by crescent-shaped structures in the glomeruli.

A) Incorrect. Carbohydrates are not typically restricted in the diet of clients with glomerulonephritis.

B) Correct. Limiting sodium (salt) intake is important for managing blood pressure and reducing proteinuria in clients with glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Healthy fats are not the primary dietary component to restrict in the management of glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Fiber is an important dietary component for overall health but is not specifically related to reducing proteinuria or managing blood pressure in glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Hypertension is not a common risk factor for PSGN.

B) Incorrect. Diabetes mellitus is not typically associated with an increased risk of PSGN.

C) Correct. Recent upper respiratory infections, especially those caused by streptococcal bacteria, are a common risk factor for PSGN.

D) Incorrect. While a familial history of kidney disease may be a risk factor for some kidney conditions, it is not a primary risk factor for PSGN.

A) Incorrect. Heavy alcohol consumption is not a common predisposing factor for APSGN.

B) Incorrect. Exposure to lead is unrelated to the development of APSGN.

C) Correct. APSGN is most commonly associated with streptococcal infections, particularly strep throat.

D) Incorrect. High dietary intake of calcium is not a common predisposing factor for APSGN.

A) Incorrect. Allergic rhinitis is not commonly linked to the development of RPGN.

B) Correct. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune condition that can lead to RPGN.

C) Incorrect. Type 2 diabetes is not commonly associated with RPGN.

D) Incorrect. Osteoarthritis is unrelated to RPGN.

A) Incorrect. Regular exercise is typically beneficial for overall health and does not increase the risk of chronic glomerulonephritis.

B) Correct. Smoking tobacco is a lifestyle factor associated with an increased risk of chronic glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. A vegetarian diet is not commonly linked to an increased risk of chronic glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Adequate fluid intake is generally recommended for kidney health and does not increase the risk of chronic glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Recent gastrointestinal infection is not commonly associated with membranous glomerulonephritis.

B) Correct. Membranous glomerulonephritis is often linked to autoimmune disorders, where the immune system mistakenly attacks the glomerular basement membrane.

C) Incorrect. Exposure to heavy metals is unrelated to the development of membranous glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Elevated blood cholesterol levels may have cardiovascular implications but are not typically a predisposing factor for membranous glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Hematuria (blood in the urine) is a common symptom but is not typically an early indicator of glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Proteinuria (excess protein in the urine) is a common symptom but is not typically an early indicator of glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Oliguria (decreased urine output) may occur in more advanced stages of glomerulonephritis but is not typically an early symptom.

D) Correct. Periorbital edema (swelling around the eyes) and edema in the lower extremities are often early indicators of glomerulonephritis due to fluid retention.

A) Correct. In glomerulonephritis, renal damage can lead to increased renin production, which in turn raises blood pressure.

B) Incorrect. Glomerulonephritis may affect GFR, but decreased GFR alone is not the primary cause of hypertension in this condition.

C) Incorrect. Elevated blood glucose levels are associated with diabetes mellitus but are not the primary cause of hypertension in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Hypercalcemia (high blood calcium levels) is not a common cause of hypertension in glomerulonephritis.

A) Correct. "Cola-colored" urine is often indicative of hematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine, a common symptom of glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Dysuria refers to painful urination and is not specifically related to the color of urine in glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Oliguria refers to decreased urine output and is not related to the color of urine.

D) Incorrect. Proteinuria refers to the presence of excess protein in the urine and is not specifically related to the color of urine in glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. While electrolyte imbalances can occur in glomerulonephritis, they are not typically associated with symptoms of fatigue, weakness, and pallor.

B) Correct. Anemia, often caused by a decrease in erythropoietin production due to kidney dysfunction, is a common cause of fatigue, weakness, and pallor in clients with glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) is not typically associated with these symptoms in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Excessive fluid intake is not a likely cause of fatigue, weakness, and pallor in glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine, not decreased urine output.

B) Incorrect. Proteinuria refers to the presence of excess protein in the urine, not decreased urine output.

C) Correct. Oliguria is a medical term that describes a decreased urine output, which can occur in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Edema refers to swelling due to fluid retention and is not related to decreased urine output.

A) Incorrect. Elevated serum creatinine is indicative of impaired kidney function but does not directly reflect the presence of red blood cells in the urine.

B) Incorrect. Hyperkalemia is an electrolyte imbalance that can occur in kidney disease but does not directly indicate hematuria.

C) Correct. Hematuria, the presence of red blood cells in the urine, is a common diagnostic finding in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Hyponatremia is an electrolyte imbalance and is not a direct indicator of hematuria in glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. MRI is not typically used as the first-line imaging study for evaluating kidney size and structure in glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. CT scans involve radiation exposure and are usually reserved for specific indications in kidney evaluation.

C) Correct. Ultrasonography (ultrasound) is a non-invasive imaging technique commonly used to assess kidney size and detect structural abnormalities in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. PET scans are not typically used for kidney imaging in the context of glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Kidney biopsies are not primarily performed to assess electrolyte imbalances.

B) Incorrect. Identifying urinary tract infections can be done through other diagnostic methods, such as urinalysis and urine culture, and is not the primary purpose of a kidney biopsy.

C) Incorrect. While a kidney biopsy provides information about kidney function, its primary purpose in glomerulonephritis is to determine the underlying cause and assess the severity of kidney damage.

D) Correct. Kidney biopsies are essential for diagnosing glomerulonephritis because they help identify the specific type of glomerulonephritis, its cause, and the extent of renal damage.

A) Incorrect. Hematuria refers to the presence of blood in the urine, not excessive protein.

B) Incorrect. Pyuria indicates the presence of white blood cells in the urine, which is not typically associated with glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Oliguria refers to decreased urine output, not excessive protein in the urine.

D) Correct. Proteinuria, the presence of excessive protein in the urine, is a common abnormality associated with glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. A complete blood count (CBC) provides information about red and white blood cell counts and is not primarily used to assess kidney function or GFR.

B) Incorrect. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a blood test that can be influenced by factors other than kidney function and is not a direct measure of GFR.

C) Correct. Serum creatinine is a commonly used blood test to assess kidney function and estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).

D) Incorrect. C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of inflammation and is not typically used to assess kidney function or GFR in glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. A high-sodium diet can exacerbate hypertension and fluid retention, which are common issues in glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Protein restriction is not typically necessary unless there is severe kidney dysfunction. Some protein intake is needed for overall health.

C) Incorrect. Increased fluid intake may be restricted in cases of oliguria or fluid overload. It should be individualized based on the client's condition.

D) Correct. A low-sodium diet helps manage hypertension and reduces edema, which are common complications of glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Anticoagulants are not typically prescribed to control blood pressure in glomerulonephritis; they are used to prevent blood clot formation.

B) Correct. Diuretics, specifically thiazide diuretics, are often prescribed to manage hypertension and reduce fluid retention in glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Antibiotics are prescribed to treat underlying infections but may not directly control blood pressure.

D) Incorrect. Antacids are used to relieve symptoms of gastrointestinal conditions and do not play a primary role in managing blood pressure in glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. Limiting fluid intake may be necessary in certain cases but is not typically a non-pharmacological intervention to reduce edema in glomerulonephritis.

B) Correct. Elevating the legs can help reduce edema by promoting venous return and decreasing fluid accumulation in the lower extremities.

C) Incorrect. Increasing sodium intake is not advisable as it can exacerbate edema and hypertension.

D) Incorrect. Avoiding protein-rich foods is not a non-pharmacological intervention for reducing edema in glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. ACE inhibitors do not enhance sodium reabsorption; they actually decrease sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

B) Correct. ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed to reduce proteinuria (excessive protein in the urine), which is a common symptom of glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. ACE inhibitors do not promote potassium excretion; they can lead to hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) in some cases.

D) Incorrect. While ACE inhibitors can affect aldosterone levels, their primary role in glomerulonephritis is to reduce proteinuria and manage blood pressure.

A) Incorrect. Frequent monitoring of blood glucose levels is important for individuals with diabetes but is not a primary focus of follow-up care for glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Regular assessment of lung function is not a primary aspect of follow-up care for glomerulonephritis.

C) Correct. Routine kidney function tests and blood pressure checks are essential for monitoring the long-term health of the kidneys and managing hypertension, which are common concerns in glomerulonephritis.

D) Incorrect. Monthly dental check-ups are important for oral health but are not specifically related to glomerulonephritis follow-up care.

A) Incorrect. Increasing sodium intake can exacerbate hypertension and fluid retention, which are common in glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Limiting fluid intake may be necessary in specific cases but is not the primary dietary recommendation for managing glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Protein restriction is typically not necessary unless there is severe kidney dysfunction. Some protein intake is needed for overall health.

D) Correct. A low-sodium diet helps manage hypertension and reduces edema, common complications of glomerulonephritis.

A) Incorrect. ACE inhibitors do not promote potassium excretion; they can lead to hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) in some cases.

B) Incorrect. ACE inhibitors are typically taken with food to minimize the risk of gastrointestinal side effects.

C) Incorrect. ACE inhibitors do not cause hypoglycemia; they are not directly related to blood sugar regulation.

D) Correct. ACE inhibitors are commonly prescribed in glomerulonephritis to reduce proteinuria and manage hypertension, helping to protect kidney function.

A) Incorrect. Avoiding all physical activity is not necessary to prevent recurrent episodes of glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. While adequate protein intake is important, a high-protein diet is not specifically recommended to prevent recurrent episodes of glomerulonephritis.

C) Correct. Completing a course of prescribed antibiotics is crucial to treat underlying infections that may contribute to glomerulonephritis and prevent recurrence.

D) Incorrect. Limiting fluid intake should be individualized and is not a universal measure to prevent recurrent episodes of glomerulonephritis.

A) Correct. Elevating the legs can help reduce edema by promoting venous return and decreasing fluid accumulation in the lower extremities.

B) Incorrect. Increasing sodium intake is not advisable as it can exacerbate edema and hypertension.

C) Incorrect. Severely limiting daily fluid intake is not recommended without medical guidance and can lead to dehydration.

D) Incorrect. Avoiding all movement is not necessary and may not effectively reduce fluid accumulation in edematous areas.

A) Incorrect. Monitoring blood glucose levels and diabetes management may be relevant for clients with diabetes but is not the primary goal of follow-up visits for glomerulonephritis.

B) Incorrect. Assessing lung function and providing pulmonary care are not the primary focus of follow-up visits for glomerulonephritis.

C) Incorrect. Routine dental check-ups are important for oral health but are not the primary purpose of follow-up visits for glomerulonephritis.

D) Correct. The primary goal of follow-up visits for glomerulonephritis is to monitor kidney function, blood pressure, and overall health to ensure the client's well-being and the effectiveness of treatment.