Antihypertensive drugs can lower blood pressure by affecting different parts of the cardiovascular system.This is a general statement that covers the various mechanisms of action of different classes of antihypertensive drugs, such as beta blockers, diuretics, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, calcium channel blockers, alpha blockers, and renin inhibitors.Each class of drugs has a different way of influencing the heart rate, blood vessel tone, blood volume, or hormonal activity that regulate blood pressure.

Choice A is wrong because antihypertensive drugs do not work by increasing the blood flow to the heart and kidneys.In fact, some antihypertensive drugs may decrease the blood flow to these organs as a side effect.

Choice C is wrong because antihypertensive drugs are not safe to use with any other medications or supplements.There are many potential drug interactions that can affect the efficacy or safety of antihypertensive drugs.For example, NSAIDs can reduce the blood pressure lowering effect of some antihypertensive drugs and increase the risk of kidney damage. Therefore, patients should always consult their doctor or pharmacist before taking any other medications or supplements with antihypertensive drugs.

Choice D is wrong because antihypertensive drugs will not cure hypertension if taken as prescribed.Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires lifelong management and lifestyle changes.Antihypertensive drugs can only control the blood pressure and prevent complications, but they do not address the underlying causes of hypertension.If patients stop taking their antihypertensive drugs, their blood pressure will likely rise again and increase the risk of heart attack, stroke, and kidney failure.

The nurse should instruct the client to avoid grapefruit juice and St. John’s wort when taking a calcium channel blocker.

Here is why:

• Grapefruit juice can increase the blood levels of calcium channel blockers, which can lead to adverse effects such as hypotension, bradycardia, and edema.

The normal blood pressure range is 90/60 mmHg to 120/80 mmHg, and the normal heart rate range is 60 to 100 beats per minute.

• St.John’s wort can decrease the effectiveness of calcium channel blockers by inducing their metabolism in the liver.

This can reduce the therapeutic effect of lowering blood pressure and preventing angina.

• Ibuprofen, digoxin, and warfarin are not contraindicated with calcium channel blockers, but they should be used with caution and monitored closely for potential interactions.

Ibuprofen can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with warfarin, digoxin can increase the risk of arrhythmias when taken with calcium channel blockers, and warfarin can increase the risk of bleeding when taken with calcium channel blockers.

Hydrochlorothiazide is a thiazide diuretic that lowers blood pressure by increasing urine output. However, it also causes potassium loss, which can lead to muscle weakness and fatigue.Therefore, the client should consume foods that are rich in potassium, such as bananas, oranges, potatoes, and spinach.

Choice A is wrong because drinking more fluids can increase blood volume and blood pressure, which is not desirable for a client who has hypertension.Dehydration is not a common side effect of hydrochlorothiazide.

Choice C is wrong because hydrochlorothiazide does not affect blood sugar levels directly. However, it can interact with some antidiabetic medications and increase the risk of hypoglycemia.Therefore, the client should monitor blood sugar levels regularly if taking both medications.

Choice D is wrong because hydrochlorothiazide does not increase sensitivity to sunlight. However, it can cause photosensitivity reactions in some clients, such as rash, itching, or redness of the skin. Therefore, the client should use sunscreen and wear protective clothing when exposed to sunlight.

A serum potassium level of 5.2 mEq/L.The nurse should report this finding to the provider because it indicateshyperkalemia, which is a potential adverse effect of ACE inhibitors. Hyperkalemia can cause cardiac arrhythmias and muscle weakness, and it requires prompt treatment.

Choice A is wrong because a dry cough is a common and benign side effect of ACE inhibitors. It does not indicate a serious problem and does not require reporting to the provider.

Choice B is wrong because a heart rate of 72/min is within the normal range of 60 to 100 beats per minute. It does not indicate any adverse effect of ACE inhibitors or hypertension.

Choice D is wrong because a blood pressure of 130/80 mm Hg is within the target range for a client who has hypertension. It indicates that the ACE inhibitor is effective in lowering the blood pressure and does not require reporting to the provider.

Oatmeal is a good source of soluble fiber, which can help lower cholesterol levels and blood pressure. Oatmeal also has a low glycemic index, which means it does not cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels. A client who has hypertension and hyperlipidemia should avoid foods that are high in saturated fat, sodium, and sugar, as they can worsen these conditions.

Choice A is wrong because whole milk is high in saturated fat, which can increase cholesterol levels and the risk of cardiovascular disease. A client who has hypertension and hyperlipidemia should choose low-fat or skim milk instead.

Choice B is wrong because salted nuts are high in sodium, which can increase blood pressure and fluid retention. A client who has hypertension and hyperlipidemia should choose unsalted nuts or seeds, which are rich in healthy fats, protein, and fiber.

Choice D is wrong because bacon is high in saturated fat, sodium, and nitrates, which can increase cholesterol levels, blood pressure, and inflammation. A client who has hypertension and hyperlipidemia should limit or avoid processed meats and choose lean sources of protein instead.