A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia does not primarily affect the lymph nodes. It is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, where abnormal white blood cells are produced.

B) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not characterized by the overproduction of platelets. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, and their overproduction is not a feature of leukemia.

C) This choice is correct. Leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. These abnormal cells then enter the bloodstream, crowding out healthy blood cells and impairing normal blood cell function.

D) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not an autoimmune disorder. It is a cancerous condition involving abnormal white blood cell growth.

A) This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia can affect both children and adults, not just children and young adults.

B) This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia progresses more slowly than acute leukemia and does not typically require immediate treatment.

C) This choice is correct. Chronic leukemia is characterized by the overproduction of mature and functional white blood cells. Unlike acute leukemia, the abnormal cells in chronic leukemia are more developed and functional, but they may not function correctly, leading to an accumulation of these cells in the blood.

D) This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia usually presents with milder symptoms compared to acute leukemia. Hospitalization is not typically required unless complications arise.

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not always caused by inherited genetic mutations. While genetic factors can contribute to the development of some types of leukemia, it is not the only cause.

B) This choice is incorrect because there are known genetic links to certain types of leukemia. For example, some forms of leukemia, such as chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), are associated with specific genetic mutations.

C) This choice is incorrect because genetic factors and environmental factors can both play a role in the development of leukemia. Some cases may be influenced more by genetic factors, while others may be influenced more by environmental factors.

D) This choice is correct. Leukemia can have various causes, including genetic mutations, exposure to certain environmental factors (e.g., radiation, certain chemicals), and viral infections. While some cases may have a genetic basis, others may be triggered by environmental factors or have an unknown cause.

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not a contagious disease. It cannot spread from person to person through direct contact.

B) This choice is correct. Leukemia is not contagious. It is a type of cancer caused by abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow and blood. It cannot be transmitted from one person to another.

C) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not contagious, even if the person has a weakened immune system. It is not a communicable disease.

D) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not transmitted through blood transfusions. Blood transfusions involve screened and tested blood products, and leukemia cannot be passed on through this process.

A) This choice is incorrect because unexplained weight gain is not a common symptom of leukemia. Weight loss may be more typical in some cases.

B) This choice is correct. Easy bruising and bleeding are common manifestations of leukemia due to a decreased number of healthy blood cells and platelets, which are responsible for clotting.

C) This choice is correct. Persistent fatigue and weakness are common symptoms of leukemia. Leukemia can lead to a decrease in normal blood cells, causing anemia and leading to fatigue and weakness.

D) This choice is correct. Leukemia can weaken the immune system, making the person more susceptible to infections, leading to frequent infections and fever.

E) This choice is correct. Leukemia can cause the enlargement of lymph nodes, leading to painful and swollen lymph nodes.

A) This choice is incorrect because while a complete blood count (CBC) is an important initial screening test for leukemia, it alone is not definitive for diagnosis. A CBC may show abnormal levels of blood cells, prompting further investigation, including a bone marrow biopsy.

B) This choice is incorrect because a urinalysis is not used to diagnose leukemia. It is a test used to evaluate kidney function and detect urinary abnormalities.

C) This choice is incorrect because a chest X-ray is not a definitive diagnostic tool for leukemia. It is primarily used to assess the lungs and chest organs for conditions such as pneumonia or tumors.

D) This choice is correct. A bone marrow biopsy is a definitive diagnostic tool to confirm leukemia. In this procedure, a small sample of bone marrow is taken from the hipbone or breastbone and examined under a microscope to determine if leukemia cells are present. It allows for the identification of abnormal cells in the bone marrow, helping to establish the diagnosis and type of leukemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because administering pain medication for bone pain is important for the client's comfort, but it is not the priority in this situation. Neutropenia is characterized by a low neutrophil count, which can lead to an increased risk of infection.

B) This choice is incorrect because while monitoring for signs of bleeding or bruising is essential for a client with thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), it is not the priority in this scenario. Neutropenia increases the risk of infection, which is the primary concern.

C) This choice is correct. Implementing strict isolation precautions is the priority for a client with neutropenia. Neutropenia results in a decreased ability to fight off infections, so measures to prevent exposure to potential pathogens are crucial in reducing the risk of infection.

D) This choice is incorrect because avoiding invasive procedures and injections is a precaution for clients with thrombocytopenia, not specifically neutropenia. While both conditions involve low blood cell counts, the risk of infection is the primary concern in neutropenia.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia does not primarily affect the lymph nodes. It is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, where abnormal white blood cells are produced.

B) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not characterized by the overproduction of platelets. Platelets are involved in blood clotting, and their overproduction is not a feature of leukemia.

C) This choice is correct. Leukemia is a type of cancer characterized by the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow. These abnormal cells then enter the bloodstream, crowding out healthy blood cells and impairing normal blood cell function.

D) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not an autoimmune disorder. It is a cancerous condition involving abnormal white blood cell growth.

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not limited to just one type. There are different subtypes of leukemia, including acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML), among others.

B) This choice is correct. Leukemia can be broadly classified into two main types: acute leukemia, which progresses rapidly and requires immediate treatment, and chronic leukemia, which progresses more slowly.

C) This choice is incorrect because the classification of leukemia is not solely based on age. Leukemia can occur in both children and adults.

D) This choice is incorrect because the classification of leukemia does not involve solid tumors. Leukemia is a cancer of the blood and bone marrow, characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells.

A) This choice is incorrect because acute leukemia is characterized by a rapid onset and fast progression of symptoms. It requires immediate treatment due to its aggressive nature.

B) This choice is correct. Acute leukemia is characterized by the uncontrolled and rapid proliferation of abnormal white blood cells in the bone marrow, which leads to a high accumulation of these immature cells in the bloodstream.

C) This choice is incorrect because, in general, acute leukemia has a lower survival rate compared to chronic leukemia. Acute leukemia requires immediate and aggressive treatment, and the prognosis depends on various factors, including the subtype and individual response to therapy.

D) This choice is incorrect because acute leukemia is not indolent or slow-growing. It progresses rapidly and can have a significant impact on blood cell counts and overall health.

A) This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia can affect both children and adults, not just children and young adults.

B) This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia progresses more slowly than acute leukemia and does not typically require immediate treatment.

C) This choice is correct. Chronic leukemia is characterized by the overproduction of mature and functional white blood cells. Unlike acute leukemia, the abnormal cells in chronic leukemia are more developed and functional, but they may not function correctly, leading to an accumulation of these cells in the blood.

D) This choice is incorrect because chronic leukemia usually presents with milder symptoms compared to acute leukemia. Hospitalization is not typically required unless complications arise.

A) This choice is incorrect because a bone marrow biopsy is not performed to remove a tumor mass. The purpose of the procedure is to obtain a sample of bone marrow tissue for diagnostic evaluation.

B) This choice is incorrect because assessing the presence of circulating cancer cells in the bloodstream is typically done through a blood test, not a bone marrow biopsy. The biopsy provides direct information about the condition of the bone marrow.

C) This choice is incorrect because evaluating the overall blood cell count and differential is typically done through a complete blood count (CBC) test, not a bone marrow biopsy. The biopsy provides more detailed information about the bone marrow and its cellular composition.

D) This choice is correct. The primary purpose of a bone marrow biopsy is to obtain a sample of bone marrow tissue for examination under a microscope. This allows healthcare professionals to assess the presence of abnormal cells, determine the type and extent of leukemia, and guide treatment decisions.

A) This choice is incorrect because stem cell transplantation is not the primary treatment for all cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). It may be considered in certain cases, but targeted therapy is the standard first-line treatment for most patients with CML.

B) This choice is incorrect because while chemotherapy and radiation therapy are used in some leukemia treatments, they are not the main treatments for CML. Targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors is the standard approach for CML management.

C) This choice is correct. The mainstay of treatment for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is targeted therapy with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). TKIs are oral medications that specifically target the abnormal protein produced by the BCR-ABL gene, which drives the overproduction of white blood cells in CML. These medications are highly effective and have revolutionized the treatment of CML, leading to improved outcomes for many patients.

D) This choice is incorrect because watchful waiting and supportive care may be considered for certain low-risk or asymptomatic cases of CML, but it is not the primary treatment approach. Targeted therapy with TKIs is the standard treatment for most patients with CML.

A) This choice is incorrect because chemotherapy for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) usually lasts much longer than a few weeks. ALL treatment consists of several phases, and the overall duration can extend over several years.

B) This choice is correct. Treatment for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) typically involves multiple phases, including induction, consolidation, and maintenance therapy. The induction phase aims to achieve remission, the consolidation phase aims to eliminate any remaining cancer cells, and the maintenance phase aims to prevent relapse and keep the leukemia in remission. Overall, the treatment can extend over several years, depending on the client's response to therapy and risk factors.

C) This choice is incorrect because it does not accurately reflect the standard treatment approach for ALL. Clients with ALL do not typically switch from chemotherapy to radiation therapy after a few days.

D) This choice is incorrect because ALL treatment typically involves multiple rounds of chemotherapy, not just a single round. The goal is to achieve long-term remission and prevent relapse, which requires a more comprehensive treatment approach over an extended period.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because a family history of diabetes is not a known risk factor for leukemia. While genetics can play a role in some leukemia cases, diabetes is not associated with leukemia development.

B) This choice is incorrect because exposure to asbestos is a risk factor for certain types of cancer, such as lung cancer and mesothelioma, but it is not a primary risk factor for leukemia.

C) This choice is incorrect because while autoimmune disorders can affect the immune system, they are not a known risk factor for leukemia.

D) This choice is correct. A previous diagnosis of lymphoma is a significant risk factor for developing leukemia. Lymphoma and leukemia are both types of blood cancers, and individuals with a history of lymphoma have an increased risk of developing leukemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because there is no strong evidence to support smoking as a major risk factor for leukemia. Smoking is primarily associated with lung cancer and other respiratory conditions.

B) This choice is incorrect because while smoking is associated with other types of cancer, such as lung, throat, and mouth cancers, it is not definitively linked to leukemia.

C) This choice is incorrect because while smoking can increase the risk of certain cancers, its link to leukemia remains uncertain. Research on this topic has not provided conclusive evidence of a significant association between smoking and leukemia development.

D) This choice is correct. The link between smoking and leukemia is still uncertain and not well-established. While smoking is a known risk factor for several types of cancer, its specific role in leukemia development requires further study.

A) This choice is incorrect because a history of frequent dental cavities is not a known risk factor for leukemia.

B) This choice is incorrect because allergies to pollen and pet dander are not associated with an increased risk of leukemia.

C) This choice is incorrect because recurrent urinary tract infections are not known to be a risk factor for leukemia.

D) This choice is correct. Previous treatment with chemotherapy and radiation is a significant risk factor for developing leukemia. Certain chemotherapeutic agents and radiation therapy can damage healthy blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, potentially leading to the development of leukemia later on. This type of leukemia is often referred to as secondary or treatment-related leukemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because a sedentary lifestyle is not a known risk factor for leukemia. Physical inactivity is associated with other health conditions but not leukemia.

B) This choice is incorrect because having a vegetarian diet is not a risk factor for developing leukemia.

C) This choice is correct. A history of tobacco use is a potential risk factor for leukemia. Smoking is associated with an increased risk of various cancers, and while the link to leukemia is not as clear as with other cancers, it is still considered a possible risk factor.

D) This choice is incorrect because a family history of diabetes is not a known risk factor for leukemia.

A) This statement is correct. Having a family history of leukemia is considered a risk factor for developing the disease, particularly in cases of familial or hereditary leukemia.

B) This statement is correct. Exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation, such as during radiation therapy or nuclear accidents, is a well-known risk factor for leukemia.

C) This statement is correct. Individuals with Down syndrome have an increased risk of developing leukemia, particularly acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

D) This statement is incorrect. While physical activity is beneficial for overall health and may reduce the risk of various cancers, there is no evidence to suggest that being physically active specifically reduces the risk of developing leukemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because exposure to benzene is indeed a known risk factor for developing leukemia. Benzene is a chemical compound found in certain industrial settings and can increase the risk of developing leukemia, particularly acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

B) This choice is correct. Exposure to benzene is associated with an increased risk of leukemia. Benzene is a known carcinogen and can cause damage to blood-forming cells in the bone marrow, leading to the development of leukemia in some individuals.

C) This choice is incorrect because while benzene exposure is associated with an increased risk of leukemia, it is not primarily linked to skin cancer.

D) This choice is incorrect because benzene exposure can affect individuals of all ages, not just children. It is a risk factor for leukemia development in adults as well as children.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia does not result from an overproduction of platelets. Leukemia involves an overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

B) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not caused by the body's immune system attacking healthy white blood cells. Instead, it involves the uncontrolled growth of abnormal white blood cells.

C) This choice is correct. Leukemia is characterized by genetic mutations in the bone marrow cells, particularly in the stem cells that produce white blood cells. These mutations lead to uncontrolled growth and proliferation of abnormal white blood cells, interfering with the normal production of other blood cells.

D) This choice is incorrect because an imbalance of red blood cells would not trigger the overproduction of white blood cells. Leukemia is specifically a disorder of white blood cell proliferation.

A) This choice is incorrect because AML is not characterized by the overproduction of immature lymphocytes. It involves the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal myeloid cells in the bone marrow.

B) This choice is incorrect because AML does not cause abnormal proliferation of red blood cells. Anemia may occur as a result of AML due to the displacement of normal blood-forming cells in the bone marrow.

C) This choice is correct. AML is a type of leukemia that arises from genetic mutations in the myeloid stem cells. These mutations lead to uncontrolled growth and accumulation of abnormal myeloid cells, including granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets.

D) This choice is incorrect because the abnormal growth of plasma cells leading to the production of abnormal antibodies is characteristic of multiple myeloma, not AML.

A) This choice is incorrect because CLL specifically involves the overproduction of abnormal lymphocytes, not myeloid cells. Myeloid cells are affected in other types of leukemia, such as AML.

B) This choice is incorrect because CLL is a chronic and indolent type of leukemia. It has a slow onset and progresses slowly over time, unlike some other leukemias that may have a more rapid course.

C) This choice is correct. In CLL, abnormal lymphocytes, mainly B-lymphocytes, accumulate in the bone marrow and interfere with the production of other blood cells, including red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells.

D) This choice is incorrect because CLL does not involve a genetic mutation leading to uncontrolled growth of red blood cells. That description is more characteristic of polycythemia vera, a different type of blood disorder.

A) This choice is incorrect because ALL does not result in the overproduction of red blood cells. It primarily affects lymphocytes, not red blood cells.

B) This choice is incorrect because ALL involves the overproduction of abnormal lymphocytes, not normal white blood cells. These abnormal lymphocytes crowd out normal cells.

C) This choice is correct. In ALL, the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal lymphocytes leads to the overcrowding of the bone marrow. As a result, normal bone marrow cells, including red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells, are suppressed, leading to various cytopenias.

D) This choice is incorrect because ALL does not cause the bone marrow to become fibrous and unable to produce any blood cells. That description is more characteristic of myelofibrosis, a different bone marrow disorder.

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia arises from the uncontrolled growth and division of abnormal blood cells, not normal blood cells. These abnormal cells disrupt the normal functioning of the blood and bone marrow.

B) This choice is incorrect because while cancerous cells may infiltrate and replace healthy tissues in other types of cancer, leukemia primarily affects the bone marrow and blood, not other organs like the liver and lungs.

C) This choice is incorrect because while leukemia does involve genetic mutations, the formation of abnormal blood cells primarily occurs within the bone marrow, not in the lymph nodes.

D) This choice is correct. The pathophysiology of leukemia involves the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. These cells undergo genetic mutations, leading to the development of leukemia and the production of abnormal blood cells.

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia does not lead to the increased production of normal red blood cells. Instead, it causes the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells.

B) This choice is incorrect because leukemia does not lead to the accumulation of normal platelets in the blood. Thrombocytopenia, or low platelet count, is common in leukemia due to the suppression of normal platelet production in the bone marrow.

C) This choice is correct. In leukemia, the proliferation of abnormal white blood cells crowds out and suppresses the normal bone marrow stem cells responsible for producing red blood cells, platelets, and other white blood cells. This suppression leads to anemia and thrombocytopenia.

D) This choice is incorrect because while cancerous cells may infiltrate healthy tissues in other types of cancer, leukemia primarily affects the bone marrow and blood, not other organs or tissues.

A) This choice is incorrect because the lymphatic system does not filter and remove abnormal blood cells in leukemia. The role of the lymphatic system is primarily related to the circulation of lymph fluid and the immune response, not the removal of abnormal blood cells.

B) This choice is incorrect because the lymphatic system is not responsible for producing and releasing abnormal white blood cells in leukemia. Leukemia originates from the bone marrow, not the lymphatic system.

C) This choice is correct. Leukemia is primarily a disorder of the bone marrow and blood. It does not directly involve the lymphatic system, which is responsible for carrying lymph fluid and supporting the body's immune function.

D) This choice is incorrect because while cancerous cells may infiltrate other organs and tissues in other types of cancer, leukemia primarily affects the bone marrow and blood, not the lymphatic system.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because fatigue and weakness are common symptoms in leukemia, but they are not specific enough to confirm the diagnosis on their own.

B) This choice is correct. Night sweats and fever are classic symptoms of leukemia, especially in cases of acute leukemia. These symptoms are related to the presence of abnormal white blood cells in the bloodstream and their impact on the body's immune response.

C) This choice is incorrect because unexplained weight gain is not a typical symptom of leukemia. Weight loss is more commonly associated with this condition due to decreased appetite and increased energy expenditure.

D) This choice is incorrect because persistent headaches are not specific to leukemia and may indicate other underlying health issues.

A) This choice is incorrect because swollen lymph nodes are more characteristic of chronic leukemia, not acute leukemia like AML.

B) This choice is correct. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is commonly associated with enlarged lymph nodes due to the accumulation of abnormal lymphocytes in these areas. It is a slow-progressing leukemia and often presents with lymphadenopathy.

C) This choice is incorrect because while ALL may involve enlarged lymph nodes, it is more commonly associated with symptoms like fatigue, bleeding, and bone pain.

D) This choice is incorrect because while CML may present with enlarged spleen and liver, it is less likely to cause significant lymphadenopathy compared to CLL.

A) This choice is incorrect because increased platelet production would not lead to easy bruising and petechiae. It would, in fact, improve clotting abilities.

B) This choice is incorrect because overproduction of red blood cells would not directly cause easy bruising and petechiae. It may lead to symptoms like fatigue and pallor.

C) This choice is correct. Easy bruising and petechiae are common in leukemia due to a deficiency of platelets and impaired clotting factors in the blood. Leukemia can lead to decreased platelet production and clotting abnormalities, resulting in easy bleeding and bruising.

D) This choice is incorrect because a deficiency of white blood cells would not directly cause easy bruising and petechiae. It might lead to an increased risk of infections.

A) This choice is incorrect because bone marrow suppression would lead to decreased production of blood cells but may not directly cause bone pain and tenderness.

B) This choice is incorrect because excessive calcium levels in the blood would not be a common cause of bone pain and tenderness in leukemia.

C) This choice is incorrect because rapid growth of bone tissue would not be a typical cause of bone pain and tenderness in leukemia.

D) This choice is correct. Bone pain and tenderness in leukemia are often caused by the accumulation of leukemic cells in the bones. These abnormal cells infiltrate the bone marrow and bone tissue, leading to pain and tenderness.

A) This choice is incorrect because red blood cells are not directly involved in the body's immune response. Decreased red blood cells may cause anemia, but they are not responsible for frequent infections and recurrent fevers.

B) This choice is incorrect because platelets are involved in clotting and do not directly impact the body's immune response.

C) This choice is correct. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell responsible for fighting infections. In leukemia, particularly when neutrophils are affected, the body's ability to fight infections becomes compromised, leading to frequent infections and recurrent fevers.

D) This choice is incorrect because lymphocytes, specifically B-lymphocytes, are affected in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). While CLL can lead to increased susceptibility to infections, neutrophil dysfunction is more commonly associated with recurrent infections in leukemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because impaired bone density would not directly cause ecchymoses on the skin. It might lead to an increased risk of fractures, but not bruising.

B) This choice is correct. Ecchymoses (bruises) of varying sizes with minimal trauma are common in leukemia due to a deficiency of platelets and impaired clotting factors in the blood. Leukemia can lead to decreased platelet production and clotting abnormalities, resulting in easy bleeding and bruising.

C) This choice is incorrect because increased production of platelets would improve clotting abilities and reduce the risk of ecchymoses.

D) This choice is incorrect because elevated levels of red blood cells would not directly cause ecchymoses on the skin. It may lead to other symptoms like increased blood viscosity.

A) This choice is incorrect because impaired wound healing is not a typical cause of enlarged gums and bleeding in leukemia.

B) This choice is incorrect because a hyperactive immune response is not directly related to oral symptoms in leukemia.

C) This choice is incorrect because overproduction of saliva is not a typical cause of enlarged gums and bleeding in leukemia.

D) This choice is correct. Enlarged gums (gingival hypertrophy) and bleeding from the gums are characteristic oral symptoms of acute leukemia. Leukemic cells can infiltrate the gums and oral tissues, leading to inflammation, bleeding, and gum enlargement.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because a complete blood count (CBC) provides information about the number of blood cells, but it does not directly assess the bone marrow for leukemia.

B) This choice is correct. Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy involve the collection of bone marrow samples from the sternum or hip bone. These samples are then analyzed to determine the presence of leukemia cells, assess cell morphology, and determine the type of leukemia.

C) This choice is incorrect because flow cytometry analysis is used to identify specific markers on the surface of cells and can aid in diagnosing and classifying leukemia. However, it is not the primary test used to assess the bone marrow directly.

D) This choice is incorrect because magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is not commonly used to assess bone marrow in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

A) This choice is correct. A lumbar puncture is performed to assess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) for the presence of leukemic cells in cases where leukemia may have spread to the central nervous system. This procedure helps determine if the client requires specific treatment to target leukemia in the CNS.

B) This choice is incorrect because a lumbar puncture is not primarily used to evaluate liver and kidney function.

C) This choice is incorrect because measuring blood glucose levels is not the primary purpose of a lumbar puncture.

D) This choice is incorrect because determining the client's platelet count is not the primary purpose of a lumbar puncture. Platelet counts are typically obtained through a blood test.

A) This choice is incorrect because an elevated red blood cell count is not a typical finding in leukemia. Leukemia is characterized by the overproduction of white blood cells, not red blood cells.

B) This choice is correct. Leukemia is associated with an elevated white blood cell count, particularly an abnormal increase in blast cells, which are immature cells indicative of leukemia.

C) This choice is incorrect because an elevated platelet count is not a typical finding in leukemia. Leukemia is more commonly associated with thrombocytopenia, which is a decreased platelet count.

D) This choice is incorrect because the laboratory report indicating elevated levels of blast cells in the peripheral blood supports the suspicion of leukemia, not the blast cells' presence in the bone marrow.

A) This choice is incorrect because assessing bone density and strength is not the primary purpose of a CT scan in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

B) This choice is correct. A CT scan is commonly used to identify enlarged lymph nodes and organs, which can occur in leukemia as a result of cancerous cell proliferation and infiltration into the lymphatic system and other organs.

C) This choice is incorrect because measuring lung capacity is not the primary purpose of a CT scan in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

D) This choice is incorrect because monitoring cardiac function is not the primary goal of a CT scan in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because flow cytometry analysis is not primarily used to assess the client's heart function.

B) This choice is incorrect because determining the client's blood type is not the primary purpose of flow cytometry analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

C) This choice is correct. Flow cytometry analysis is a specialized laboratory technique used to classify the type of leukemia and its subtype based on specific cell markers present on the surface of leukemic cells. This information helps guide the appropriate treatment plan.

D) This choice is incorrect because evaluating the client's kidney function is not the primary purpose of flow cytometry analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because a bone marrow biopsy is not primarily performed to assess the client's platelet count. Platelet counts are typically obtained through a blood test.

B) This choice is incorrect because evaluating the effectiveness of chemotherapy is not the primary reason for performing a bone marrow biopsy in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia. The biopsy is performed to determine the presence of cancerous cells in the bone marrow and aid in diagnosing leukemia.

C) This choice is correct. A bone marrow biopsy involves the collection of bone marrow samples to determine the presence of cancerous cells and assess cell morphology in the bone marrow. This information is crucial in diagnosing leukemia and determining the appropriate treatment plan.

D) This choice is incorrect because measuring the client's bone density is not the primary reason for performing a bone marrow biopsy.

A) This choice is incorrect because a cytogenetic analysis is not primarily used to assess the client's immune response.

B) This choice is incorrect because determining the client's blood type is not the primary goal of a cytogenetic analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

C) This choice is correct. Cytogenetic analysis is a laboratory test that identifies specific genetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal rearrangements, deletions, or mutations, in the leukemic cells. These genetic findings are essential for diagnosing specific types of leukemia, determining prognosis, and guiding treatment decisions.

D) This choice is incorrect because evaluating the client's liver function is not the primary goal of a cytogenetic analysis in the diagnostic evaluation of leukemia.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because chemotherapy is not a surgical procedure and does not involve the removal of tumor masses.

B) This choice is incorrect because while immunotherapy may be used as a treatment approach in some cases, the primary goal of chemotherapy is to directly destroy leukemia cells.

C) This choice is correct. The primary goal of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment is to use powerful medications to kill or inhibit the growth of leukemia cells, leading to remission.

D) This choice is incorrect because pain relief and symptom management are not the primary goals of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment.

A) This choice is incorrect because stem cells used in transplantation are typically not extracted from the client's cancerous tissues.

B) This choice is correct. In a stem cell transplant, stem cells are collected from the bone marrow of a matched donor (allogeneic transplant) or the client themselves (autologous transplant). These stem cells are then infused into the client's bloodstream to replace the damaged bone marrow and produce healthy blood cells.

C) This choice is incorrect because stem cells used in transplantation are not taken from a tumor.

D) This choice is incorrect because stem cells used in transplantation are not harvested from the client's peripheral blood.

A) This choice is incorrect because chemotherapy may cause a decreased platelet count, leading to a risk of bleeding, rather than increased blood clotting and thrombosis.

B) This choice is incorrect because chemotherapy does not typically cause elevated blood pressure and hypertension.

C) This choice is correct. Nausea, vomiting, and hair loss are common side effects of chemotherapy due to its effect on rapidly dividing cells, including hair follicles and cells lining the digestive tract.

D) This choice is incorrect because excessive bleeding and hemorrhage are not common side effects of chemotherapy in leukemia treatment.

A) This choice is incorrect because the distinction between targeted therapy and chemotherapy is not based on whether the medications are derived from natural or synthetic sources.

B) This choice is correct. Targeted therapy is designed to selectively target leukemia cells, minimizing damage to healthy cells and reducing side effects compared to traditional chemotherapy, which affects both cancerous and healthy cells.

C) This choice is incorrect because the method of administration (hospitalization or outpatient) can vary for both targeted therapy and chemotherapy, depending on the specific drug and treatment plan.

D) This choice is incorrect because targeted therapy and chemotherapy are used in various stages of leukemia treatment, depending on the type and stage of the disease.

A) This choice is incorrect because a stem cell transplant is primarily used to replace the damaged bone marrow and restore normal blood cell production, but it is not a specific treatment for anemia.

B) This choice is correct. A blood transfusion involves infusing healthy red blood cells into the client's bloodstream to address anemia and improve oxygen-carrying capacity.

C) This choice is incorrect because radiation therapy is primarily used to target and destroy cancer cells, not to address anemia.

D) This choice is incorrect because immune checkpoint inhibitors are a type of immunotherapy used to enhance the body's immune response against cancer cells, but they are not a specific treatment for anemia.

A) This choice is incorrect because replacing damaged bone marrow with healthy stem cells is the primary goal of a stem cell transplant, not radiation therapy.

B) This choice is incorrect because while radiation therapy may be used to reduce the size of leukemia masses and induce remission in some cases, it is not typically used to eliminate all leukemia cells throughout the body.

C) This choice is correct. Radiation therapy is used to target and destroy cancer cells in specific areas where leukemia is localized, such as in the brain or other parts of the body. It can be used in combination with other treatment modalities.

D) This choice is incorrect because enhancing the body's immune response against leukemia is the goal of immunotherapy, not radiation therapy.

A) This choice is incorrect because stimulating the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow is not the primary purpose of immunotherapy.

B) This choice is incorrect because suppressing the immune system is not the primary purpose of immunotherapy in leukemia treatment. In fact, immunotherapy aims to enhance the immune system's ability to recognize and target cancer cells.

C) This choice is correct. Immunotherapy is used to boost the body's natural defense mechanisms, particularly the immune system, to better recognize and attack leukemia cells.

D) This choice is incorrect because inhibiting the growth of cancerous tumors is not the primary purpose of immunotherapy. Other treatment approaches, such as chemotherapy or targeted therapy, may be used for this purpose.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because mild fatigue and weakness are common symptoms in leukemia and may be expected in the client's condition.

B) This choice is correct. Bruising and petechiae are signs of decreased platelet count and potential clotting abnormalities, which can lead to bleeding complications. Immediate intervention is necessary to prevent serious bleeding.

C) This choice is incorrect because a weight loss of 2 pounds in a month is not alarming and can be caused by various factors unrelated to leukemia.

D) This choice is incorrect because occasional headaches and dizziness are not immediate concerns in leukemia and may have other causes.

A) This choice is incorrect because while aerobic exercise is beneficial for overall health, it may not directly protect the client from infection in the context of low WBC count during chemotherapy.

B) This choice is incorrect because during chemotherapy, live vaccines should be avoided as they can pose a risk to immunocompromised clients with low WBC counts.

C) This choice is correct. Placing the client in a private room with negative pressure helps reduce the risk of exposure to infectious agents, especially in immunocompromised clients with low WBC counts who are at higher risk of infection.

D) This choice is incorrect because limiting the number of healthcare providers entering the client's room may be beneficial to reduce the risk of exposure to potential infections, but placing the client in a private room with negative pressure is a more comprehensive measure.

A) This choice is correct. Using a soft-bristled toothbrush helps prevent gum bleeding and trauma to the oral mucosa, reducing the risk of infection in clients with low platelet counts.

B) This choice is incorrect because during leukemia treatment, outdoor activities may expose the client to potential sources of infection. It is better to avoid crowded places and maintain good hand hygiene.

C) This choice is correct. Raw fruits and vegetables may carry bacteria and pathogens, and the client with leukemia, particularly those undergoing chemotherapy, is at a higher risk of infection. It is advised to thoroughly wash and cook fruits and vegetables before consumption.

D) This choice is incorrect because although emotional support from friends and family is essential, it is crucial to limit the number of visitors to reduce the risk of exposure to potential infections.

A) This choice is incorrect because peripheral neuropathy is more commonly associated with certain chemotherapy drugs, not radiation therapy.

B) This choice is incorrect because nausea and vomiting are common side effects of chemotherapy, not radiation therapy.

C) This choice is incorrect because alopecia (hair loss) is more commonly associated with chemotherapy, not radiation therapy.

D) This choice is correct. Neutropenia, which is a decrease in the number of neutrophils (a type of white blood cell), is a potential side effect of radiation therapy. This can increase the client's risk of infection, and regular monitoring of blood counts is necessary during treatment.

A) This choice is incorrect because alcohol-based mouthwash can further irritate the mucosal lining and worsen mucositis. It should be avoided.

B) This choice is incorrect because ice chips and cold beverages may provide temporary relief, but pain medication is the priority intervention to manage severe mucositis and alleviate discomfort.

C) This choice is correct. Administering prescribed pain medications, such as topical analgesics or systemic pain relief, is essential in managing the severe pain associated with mucositis.

D) This choice is incorrect because spicy foods can aggravate mucositis and should be avoided to prevent further irritation of the mucosal lining.

A) This choice is incorrect because gentle stretching exercises are generally safe and do not significantly increase the risk of bleeding in clients with low platelet counts.

B) This choice is incorrect because deep vein thrombosis (DVT) prophylaxis, such as leg exercises and anti-embolism stockings, is essential to prevent blood clots but is not directly related to bleeding risk.

C) This choice is incorrect because using a soft-bristled toothbrush helps prevent gum bleeding and trauma to the oral mucosa but does not address the risk of bleeding from other areas.

D) This choice is correct. Vigorous nose blowing can lead to trauma to the nasal mucosa and increase the risk of bleeding, especially in clients with low platelet counts who are prone to bleeding episodes.

A) This choice is incorrect because mild redness and tenderness at the IV site are common findings and may indicate a local inflammatory response to the IV infusion.

B) This choice is incorrect because a temperature of 99.8°F (37.7°C) is slightly elevated but not a critical finding. The client's healthcare provider should be notified if the temperature is significantly elevated or if other symptoms are present.

C) This choice is incorrect because a small amount of blood in the IV tubing may be due to a minor infiltration or a common occurrence during IV administration. However, the nurse should monitor the IV site and flow rate closely.

D) This choice is correct. Crackles and decreased breath sounds on auscultation may indicate fluid overload or pulmonary edema, which could be a severe complication of IV chemotherapy. The healthcare provider should be notified immediately to assess the client's respiratory status and provide appropriate intervention.

Questions

A) This choice is incorrect because leukemia is not primarily caused by exposure to infectious agents. While some viral infections may increase the risk of certain types of leukemia, infectious agents are not the main cause.

B) This choice is correct. The exact cause of leukemia is not fully understood, and it can vary among individuals. It is believed to result from a combination of genetic mutations and environmental factors, but no single cause has been identified for all cases.

C) This choice is incorrect because while genetic mutations can play a role in the development of some types of leukemia, they are not the only cause. Environmental factors and other unknown factors also contribute to leukemia.

D) This choice is incorrect because while environmental toxins and pollution may be risk factors for some individuals, they are not the leading factors in all cases of leukemia.