A. Saliva contains enzymes like amylase that break down starches into simpler sugars, initiating their digestion in the mouth.
B. Fat digestion primarily starts in the small intestine with the action of bile and pancreatic lipase.
C. Protein digestion begins in the stomach with the action of enzymes like pepsin.
D. Fiber is not digested by enzymes in the human digestive system, though it aids in digestion and promotes bowel movements.

A. Soft tacos are typically lower in fat compared to fried tacos, which are cooked in oil or deep-fried.
B. Extra hot peppers won't directly reduce fat content; they may add flavor but won't decrease fat.
C. Avoiding Mexican dishes altogether is an extreme measure and not necessary for reducing fat intake.
D. Choosing meat enchiladas over cheese enchiladas might reduce saturated fat, but it depends on the specific preparation method.

A. Sending valuables home with a family member might not be feasible or safe in an emergency situation.
B. Locking valuables in the narcotics cabinet is not appropriate; this cabinet is typically designated for medication storage, not personal items.
C. Placing valuables in the patient's closet doesn't ensure their security; it's not a designated secure area.
D. Using a valuables envelope and securing them in the agency safe ensures the security of the patient's belongings while they are hospitalized.

A. Rice is a staple carbohydrate in Asian diets but is not a significant source of protein.
B. Soybeans are commonly used in Asian cuisine and are an excellent source of plant-based protein.
C. While mushrooms are utilized in Asian cooking, they are not primarily considered a significant protein source.
D. Bamboo shoots are a vegetable commonly used in Asian dishes but are not notably high in protein.

A. Patient valuables, such as jewelry, money, or personal items, are often small and easily misplaced during transfers due to their size and sometimes inadequate handling procedures.
B. Durable medical equipment, like walkers, is generally larger and easier to track and manage during transfers compared to small items like patient valuables.
C. Personal grooming items, while they may occasionally get misplaced, are typically larger and less prone to loss during transfers compared to smaller valuables.
D. Personal papers and magazines might also get lost, but they are usually larger and have a different handling process than smaller patient valuables, making them less commonly
misplaced during transfers.

A. A bagel with cream cheese provides complementary proteins from the combination of wheat and dairy, suitable for a vegetarian who consumes milk products but dislikes beans.
B. Baked potato with sour cream lacks a complete protein source, as neither potato nor sour cream alone provides all essential amino acids.
C. Fruit salad and carrot sticks do not contain significant amounts of protein.
D. Peanut butter and jelly with enriched bread might seem suitable, but since the client dislikes beans, it's possible they may not prefer peanut butter either.

A. Discharge planning ideally begins as soon as the patient is admitted to the hospital to ensure a smooth transition and continuity of care post-discharge.
B. While discharge planning intensifies after procedures or surgery, the groundwork for planning should begin earlier during the admission process.
C. While family meetings are crucial for effective communication and planning, discharge planning ideally starts earlier, not necessarily when the meeting is scheduled.
D. Waiting until the day before discharge is not considered optimal for comprehensive discharge planning, as it may not allow sufficient time for arrangements and coordination.

A. Fats, specifically dietary fat, aid in the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), which require dietary fat for proper absorption.
B. Nerve cell transmission regulation is associated with electrolytes and neurotransmitters, not fats.
C. Carbohydrates are the primary macronutrient that converts to sugar (glucose) for energy; fats primarily provide energy through long-term storage.
D. Protein is the nutrient primarily responsible for building and repairing tissues, while fats have other essential functions.

A. Inadequate intake of omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties, may lead to gum inflammation and bleeding.
B. Memory loss is associated more with neurological conditions or deficiencies in other nutrients but not primarily with omega-3 fatty acid deficiency.
C. Brittle hair is often linked to protein deficiencies or insufficient hydration rather than omega-3 fatty acid intake.
D. Constipation can be related to dietary fiber intake or hydration but not typically directly associated with omega-3 fatty acid deficiency.

A. Glucose is a simple sugar and is readily broken down and absorbed by the body for energy.
B. Fiber, a type of carbohydrate, cannot be digested by human digestive enzymes. It passes through the digestive system intact, aiding in bowel movements and promoting gut health.
C. Glycerol is a component of triglycerides (fats) and can be metabolized by the body for energy.
D. Fatty acids are the building blocks of fats and are broken down by digestive enzymes for absorption.

A. Lactose intolerance is more related to the absence of the enzyme lactase, commonly found in individuals who have a reduced ability to digest lactose (milk sugar), regardless of their dietary choices.
B. Vegan diets may lack sufficient iron intake as plant-based sources of iron (non-heme iron) are not as readily absorbed by the body compared to heme iron found in animal products. This can put vegans at a higher risk of iron deficiency.
C. Diabetes risk is influenced by various factors, including genetics and lifestyle, rather than specifically by following a vegan diet.
D. Pneumonia risk is not directly associated with following a vegan diet but can be influenced by overall health, immune function, and exposure to pathogens.

A. A chocolate-covered ice cream bar is high in sugar and fat, lacking in nutritional value.
B. Popcorn and a juice box can be acceptable, but popcorn might not be suitable for younger children due to choking hazards, and juice boxes are often high in sugar.
C. Peanut butter on apple combines protein from peanut butter with vitamins and fiber from the apple, making it a healthier and more balanced snack choice.
D. Cookies and milk provide sugar and fat without many essential nutrients, not an ideal snack for everyday consumption.

A. Lactose intolerance is more related to the absence of the enzyme lactase, which breaks down lactose (milk sugar) and can occur in individuals regardless of their dietary choices.
B. Vegan diets may lack sufficient intake of absorbable iron, as plant-based sources of iron (non-heme iron) are not as readily absorbed by the body compared to heme iron found in animal products. This can put vegans at a higher risk of iron deficiency.
C. Diabetes risk is influenced by various factors, including genetics and lifestyle, rather than specifically by following a vegan diet.
D. Pneumonia risk is not directly associated with following a vegan diet but can be influenced by overall health, immune function, and exposure to pathogens.

A. Minerals play a crucial role in muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and the overall function of muscles and nerves throughout the body.
B. Vitamins and minerals have a complex interplay, but minerals themselves do not directly facilitate the absorption of vitamins.
C. Proteins are primarily metabolized with the help of enzymes, not minerals.
D. Fluid balance regulation involves minerals like sodium and potassium but is not the sole function of minerals.

A. Wheat toast with a peeled apple contains fiber from the apple but might have less fiber compared to other whole-grain options.
B. A biscuit and grapefruit might provide some fiber from the grapefruit, but the biscuit might not be high in fiber.
C. Shredded wheat is a whole-grain cereal that tends to be higher in fiber, and adding a banana further increases the fiber content.
D. White toast with an orange provides some fiber from the orange, but white toast itself lacks significant fiber content compared to whole-grain options like shredded wheat.

A. Mushrooms are used in Asian cuisine but are not particularly known as a significant source of protein.
B. Bamboo shoots are a common vegetable used in Asian dishes but do not contain substantial protein content.
C. Soybeans are a staple in Asian diets and are renowned for being a high-quality plant-based protein source.
D. Rice is a staple carbohydrate in many Asian cuisines but is not a significant source of protein.

A. Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that the body can store; it is not water-soluble.
B. Vitamin C is a water-soluble vitamin, essential for various bodily functions, and needs to be replenished regularly as the body doesn't store it.
C. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin stored in the body's fatty tissues and organs, not water-soluble.
D. Vitamin A is also a fat-soluble vitamin stored in the liver and fatty tissues, not water-soluble.

A. At 1 year of age, a baby typically triples their birth weight. Tripling 7 lbs (the birth weight) would result in 21 lbs, which is not among the options provided.
B. The expected weight for a baby who weighed 7 lbs at birth would be around 21 lbs by one year of age, aligning with the typical weight gain pattern during infancy.
C. 14 lbs is significantly lower than the expected weight gain for a healthy baby at one year old.
D. 32 lbs is higher than the expected weight gain for a healthy baby at one year old.

A. Older adults often experience decreased taste and smell sensitivity, leading to reduced appetite and interest in food.
B. While tissue repair might be needed, aging doesn't necessarily demand more calories solely for this purpose.
C. Taste preferences may change with age, but not necessarily a universal decrease in the taste for sweets.
D. Nutrient requirements may remain relatively stable or decrease due to changes in metabolism and decreased activity levels rather than solely due to cell loss.

A. Chronic alcohol use can impair the absorption and utilization of several vitamins, including B vitamins, leading to deficiencies.
B. Cystic fibrosis primarily affects the digestive system but is not directly associated with vitamin B deficiencies.
C. Phenytoin, an antiseizure medication, may interfere with vitamin D metabolism but is not strongly associated with vitamin B deficiencies.
D. Rifampin, an antibiotic used for tuberculosis, may interfere with the absorption of some nutrients, but it's not a primary concern for causing vitamin B deficiencies.

A. Iron is a crucial component of hemoglobin in red blood cells, responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body.
B. Magnesium is involved in various enzymatic reactions, nerve function, and muscle contractions, but it's not directly involved in oxygen transport.
C. Potassium plays a role in maintaining electrolyte balance and cell function, not in oxygen transport.
D. Phosphorus is essential for bone health, energy metabolism, and cell membrane formation but is not directly involved in oxygen transport.

A. Vitamin D is crucial for bone health and immune function but is not primarily used to reduce the risk of birth defects.
B. Omega-3 fatty acids are important for various aspects of health but are not specifically recognized for reducing the risk of birth defects.
C. Lutein is an antioxidant that supports eye health but is not primarily used to reduce the risk of birth defects.
D. Folic acid, a B vitamin, is crucial in preventing neural tube defects in newborns when taken by pregnant women before and during pregnancy.

A. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine where a significant amount of digestion takes place, but vitamin B12 is primarily absorbed in the lower part of the small intestine, called the ileum.
B. The stomach plays a role in releasing intrinsic factor, which helps in the absorption of vitamin B12, but the actual absorption occurs in the small intestine.
C. Vitamin B12 absorption primarily occurs in the lower part of the small intestine (ileum), facilitated by intrinsic factors.
D. The large intestine primarily absorbs water and electrolytes; it is not a site for vitamin B12 absorption.

A. Brittle hair is more associated with protein deficiencies or inadequate hydration rather than insufficient fiber intake.
B. Bleeding gums can be related to vitamin deficiencies (like vitamin C), poor oral hygiene, or gum disease but not primarily to inadequate fiber intake.
C. Constipation is a common consequence of inadequate fiber intake, as fiber helps add bulk to stools, promoting regular bowel movements.
D. Memory loss is not typically a direct result of insufficient fiber intake; it may be associated with various neurological or age-related conditions.

A. The duodenum is the first part of the small intestine but is not the primary site for vitamin B12 absorption. It's primarily absorbed in the lower part of the small intestine called the ileum.
B. While the stomach plays a role in releasing intrinsic factor that aids in B12 absorption, the actual absorption occurs in the small intestine, particularly the ileum.
C. Vitamin B12 absorption primarily occurs in the lower part of the small intestine, facilitated by intrinsic factors.
D. The large intestine is mainly responsible for water absorption and electrolyte balance, not vitamin B12 absorption.