The correct answer is A.

How do you spend your time during the day?.

This question is relevant to assess the client’s psychosocial changes because it can reveal the client’s level of activity, engagement, and satisfaction with their daily routine.Older adults may face various psychosocial challenges that can affect their well-being and social relationships, such as isolation, loss of identity, mistrust, guilt, and financial anxiety.

Asking about the client’s daily activities can help the nurse identify any signs of depression, anxiety, loneliness, boredom, or cognitive impairment that may require further intervention.

Choice B is wrong because it is not directly related to the client’s psychosocial changes.

Asking about hobbies or interests may provide some information about the client’s personality and preferences, but it does not address the client’s current emotional or social state.

Choice C is wrong because it is too specific and may not capture the full extent of the client’s social network and support.

Asking about friends or family members may indicate the client’s level of connectedness and attachment, but it does not explore the quality or frequency of those relationships.

Choice D is wrong because it is too broad and may not elicit useful information for the nurse.

Asking about coping strategies may be helpful to assess the client’s resilience and adaptability, but it does not focus on the client’s present psychosocial issues or needs.

Normal ranges for psychosocial changes in older adults are difficult to define, as they depend on various factors such as culture, personality, life experiences, health status, and environmental conditions.However, some general indicators of healthy psychosocial functioning in older adults include:.

• Having a positive self-image and a sense of purpose.

• Maintaining social contacts and meaningful relationships.

• Engaging in enjoyable and stimulating activities.

• Expressing emotions appropriately and seeking help when needed.

• Accepting changes and losses with grace and dignity.

• Demonstrating wisdom and integrity.

The correct answer is A, B, C and E.

Here is why:.

• Choice A is correct because range-of-motion exercises can help improve the mobility and flexibility of the joints affected by arthritis.

They can also reduce stiffness and pain, especially after long periods of inactivity.Some examples of range-of-motion exercises for knee arthritis are ball kicks, glute kicks, knee flexion exercises, and hamstring stretch.

• Choice B is correct because monitoring the client’s blood pressure and medication adherence is essential for managing hypertension, which is a common chronic condition among older adults.

Hypertension can increase the risk of cardiovascular complications, such as stroke and heart failure.Medication adherence can help lower blood pressure and prevent adverse effects from drug interactions or overdosing.

• Choice C is correct because providing the client with a calendar and a clock to orient them to time and date can help with mild cognitive impairment, which is a decline in memory and thinking skills that is not severe enough to interfere with daily life.

Mild cognitive impairment can affect the ability to remember appointments, events, or tasks.A calendar and a clock can serve as memory aids and reminders for the client.

• Choice D is wrong because referring the client to a social worker for financial assistance is not directly related to promoting health and wellness in this client.

While financial stress can affect the mental and physical health of older adults, it is not a priority intervention for this client who has arthritis, hypertension and mild cognitive impairment.The nurse should focus on interventions that address the client’s specific health needs and goals.

• Choice E is correct because teaching the client relaxation techniques and coping skills can help reduce stress and anxiety, which can worsen arthritis pain and inflammation, as well as blood pressure.

Relaxation techniques can include deep breathing, meditation, progressive muscle relaxation, or guided imagery.Coping skills can include positive self-talk, problem-solving, or seeking social support.

Normal ranges for blood pressure are:.

• Systolic: less than 120 mm Hg.

• Diastolic: less than 80 mm Hg.

The correct answer is B.

“You have the right to make your own choices about your health care and lifestyle.” This statement reflects the principle ofautonomy, which means respecting the client’s right to self-determination and decision-making.The nurse should empower the client to participate in their own care and promote their dignity and independence.

Choice A is wrong because it implies that the client should be passive and obedient, which does not respect their autonomy or preferences.

Choice C is wrong because it suggests that the client is dependent and helpless, which does not foster their self-esteem or confidence.

Choice D is wrong because it indicates that the client has no control or influence over their health condition, which does not encourage their coping or adaptation.

Normal aging is a gradual process that involves changes in all body systems, but does not necessarily lead to disability or disease.Health promotion strategies for older adults include maintaining physical activity, nutrition, hydration, immunization, social interaction, cognitive stimulation, and safety.The nurse should also be aware of the psychosocial needs of older adults, such as resolving conflicts between integrity and despair, according to Erikson’s theory of development.

The correct answer is B.

“You have done a great job managing your blood sugar levels and taking your medications.” This statement supports the dignity, autonomy and quality of life of the client by acknowledging their efforts and achievements in managing their chronic conditions.

It also reinforces positive behaviors and encourages self-care.

Choice A is wrong because it expresses pity and sympathy, which can undermine the client’s dignity and self-esteem.

It also does not address the client’s depression or hearing loss.

Choice C is wrong because it implies that the client is not doing enough to cope with their depression and hearing loss.

It also does not respect the client’s preferences and choices regarding their social activities.

Choice D is wrong because it is too directive and does not consider the client’s autonomy or reasons for not wearing their hearing aid.

It also does not address the client’s diabetes or depression.

Some of the nursing interventions for an older adult client who has diabetes, depression and hearing loss are:.

• Assessing the client’s physical, mental, emotional, social, and spiritual needs and providing individualized care.

• Promoting safety and preventing falls and injuries by removing environmental hazards, providing assistive devices, and educating the client on fall prevention strategies.

• Improving gas exchange and respiratory function by monitoring vital signs, oxygen saturation, breath sounds, and respiratory symptoms; administering oxygen therapy as prescribed; encouraging deep breathing and coughing exercises; and promoting hydration.

• Managing hypothermia by monitoring temperature, skin color, and sensation; providing warm clothing, blankets, and fluids; and avoiding exposure to cold environments.

• Promoting adequate sleep and improving sleep patterns by assessing sleep quality and quantity; providing a quiet, dark, and comfortable environment; avoiding caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine before bedtime; encouraging relaxation techniques; and avoiding daytime naps.

• Restoring bowel function and managing constipation by assessing bowel habits, stool characteristics, and abdominal distension; encouraging a high-fiber diet, adequate fluid intake, and regular exercise; administering laxatives or enemas as prescribed; and educating the client on bowel health.

• Preventing aspiration by assessing swallowing ability, oral hygiene, and dentition; providing soft, moist, and easy-to-chew foods; elevating the head of the bed during and after meals; instructing the client to tilt their head forward when swallowing; and monitoring for signs of aspiration such as coughing, choking, or wheezing.

• Preventing fluid imbalance by assessing fluid intake and output, weight changes, skin turgor, mucous membranes, and edema; encouraging adequate fluid intake according to the client’s needs and preferences; administering intravenous fluids as prescribed; and educating the client on signs of dehydration or fluid overload.

A. “I’m sorry that you have to deal with these health problems.

It must be hard for you.” B.

“You have done a great job managing your blood sugar levels and taking your medications.” C.

“You should be more active and socialize more with other people.

It will make you feel better.” D.

“You need to wear your hearing aid at all times.

It will help you communicate better.”