Parenteral drug administration has a rapid onset of action because drugs are injected directly into the bloodstream or tissues. This route of administration bypasses first-pass metabolism in the liver and is useful for drugs that are poorly absorbed or unstable in the gastrointestinal tract.

Parenteral drug administration requires special equipment and training to administer because it involves injecting drugs into the body using needles or catheters.

a. Parenteral drug administration has a rapid, not slow, onset of action.

c. The cost of parenteral drug administration can vary depending on the medication and equipment used, but it can be more expensive than other routes of administration.

d. Parenteral drug administration is invasive.

Intravenous administration is a type of parenteral administration because it involves injecting drugs directly into the bloodstream using a needle or catheter.

a. Oral administration is not considered parenteral because it involves swallowing drugs and absorbing them through the gastrointestinal tract.

c. Sublingual administration is not considered parenteral because it involves placing drugs under the tongue and absorbing them through the mucous membranes.

d. Topical administration is not considered parenteral because it involves applying drugs to the skin or mucous membranes.

Parenteral drug administration involves injecting drugs into the body using needles or catheters, making it more invasive than other routes of administration such as oral, sublingual, or topical.

a. This statement is false because parenteral drug administration delivers drugs directly into the bloodstream or tissues, not specifically to the liver.

b. This statement is false because parenteral drug administration has a faster onset of action compared to oral administration.

c. This statement may be true or false depending on the specific medication and condition being treated. Parenteral drug administration can reduce systemic side effects for some medications by delivering them directly to the site of action, but may also cause systemic side effects for others.

Blood flow to the injection site, solubility, and size of drug molecule can all affect absorption of parenterally administered drugs. For example, drugs may be absorbed more readily if they are highly soluble in blood or if they are small enough to pass easily through capillary walls. Blood flow to the injection site can also affect absorption by altering the rate at which drugs are delivered to the absorption site.