A. Incorrect. Depressed and sunken fontanelles are signs of dehydration and should be evaluated promptly.

B. Incorrect. Flat and firm fontanelles may indicate normal hydration, but slight bulging is considered normal in infants.

C. Correct. Slightly bulging fontanelles can be normal in infants due to crying, coughing, or changes in intracranial pressure. However, severely bulging or depressed fontanelles are concerning and require further evaluation.

D. Incorrect. Pulsating fontanelles are a normal finding and are related to the pulsations of blood flow in the area.

A. Correct. Using the Snellen eye chart is a standard method for assessing visual acuity in children who can cooperate with the test.

B. Incorrect. Asking the child to identify colors is not a specific test for visual acuity.

C. Incorrect. Using an ophthalmoscope is a tool for examining the internal structures of the eye, not for assessing visual acuity.

D. Incorrect. Observing eye movements is important for assessing coordination and alignment of the eyes but does not directly measure visual acuity.

A. Incorrect. Assessing only axillary nodes would miss important areas for lymph node examination in a child.

B. Incorrect. Assessing only inguinal nodes would miss important areas for lymph node examination in a child.

C. Correct. When assessing lymph nodes in a child, it's important to include the cervical (neck), axillary (armpits), and inguinal (groin) nodes in the examination.

D. Incorrect. Popliteal nodes are not typically assessed in a routine pediatric examination.

A. Correct. The Ortolani maneuver is used to assess for developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) in infants. It involves gently abducting the hips while applying gentle pressure to feel for any instability.

B. Incorrect. The Barlow maneuver is also used to assess for DDH, but it involves adducting the hips.

C. Incorrect. The Phalen maneuver is used to assess for carpal tunnel syndrome, which is not relevant to hip stability.

D. Incorrect. Tinel's sign is used to assess for nerve compression, typically in the wrist, and is not relevant to hip stability.

A. Incorrect. Genu varum (bowleggedness) is normal in infants, but it typically resolves as the child grows.

B. Incorrect. Kyphosis, an excessive forward curvature of the upper spine, may be normal to some degree, but it should not be excessive or cause discomfort.

C. Correct. Lordosis, or an inward curvature of the lumbar spine, is considered normal in children, particularly during early childhood. Genu varum (bowleggedness) is also normal in infants but typically resolves as they grow.

D. Incorrect. A perfectly straight spine alignment is not typically seen and may indicate an issue.

A. Incorrect. Asking the child to recite the alphabet may assess their knowledge of letters, but it does not specifically evaluate articulation.

B. Incorrect. Observing the child's response to questions is important for assessing language comprehension, but it does not specifically target articulation.

C. Correct. Assessing articulation involves having the child repeat sounds, words, or sentences to evaluate their ability to form sounds and words correctly.

D. Incorrect. Using a tongue depressor to examine the mouth is not relevant to assessing articulation.

A. Incorrect. The Babinski reflex, where the big toe extends and the other toes fan out, is normal in infants but typically disappears by the age of 2.

B. Correct. The Moro reflex is a normal startle response in newborns. It involves symmetrically spreading the arms and then bringing them back to the body when the infant experiences a sudden change in position or stimulation.

C. Incorrect. The tonic neck reflex, also known as the "fencing" reflex, is a normal infantile reflex but typically disappears by 6 months.

D. Incorrect. The plantar grasp reflex, where the toes curl in when the sole of the foot is touched, is normal in infants but typically disappears by 9 months.

A. Incorrect. Sitting without support typically occurs around 6-8 months.

B. Incorrect. Walking with assistance usually begins around 9-12 months.

C. Correct. Rolling from back to front is an expected motor milestone for a 6-month-old infant. Other milestones, such as sitting without support and crawling, may occur at later stages of development.

D. Incorrect. Crawling on hands and knees typically occurs around 7-10 months.