Explanation: Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading to the rapid buildup of skin cells and the formation of red, scaly patches on the skin's surface.

Incorrect choices: a. A contagious bacterial skin infection - Psoriasis is not caused by bacteria, and it is not contagious.

c. A fungal infection causing itching and rash - Psoriasis is not caused by a fungus; it is an autoimmune condition.

d. A viral skin condition resulting in fluid-filled blisters - Psoriasis does not result in fluid-filled blisters; it presents as red, scaly patches instead.

Explanation: Psoriasis commonly presents as red, scaly, and thickened patches on the skin. These patches can be itchy, painful, and sometimes crack and bleed.

Incorrect choices: a. Smooth and pink patches on the skin - This is not characteristic of psoriasis, which typically involves scaling and thickening of the skin.

b. Flaky, white patches on the skin - This is not typical of psoriasis; the patches are usually red and scaly.

d. Raised, flesh-colored bumps on the skin - This description does not match the typical appearance of psoriasis patches.

Explanation: Psoriasis is believed to have a genetic component, and it is considered an autoimmune disorder where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading to the characteristic skin changes.

Incorrect choices: a. Poor hygiene and lack of skin care - Psoriasis is not caused by poor hygiene or lack of skin care.

b. Exposure to environmental toxins - While environmental factors may trigger or worsen psoriasis in some individuals, they are not the primary cause of the condition.

d. Excessive sun exposure - Sun exposure may improve psoriasis symptoms in some people, but it is not the underlying cause of the condition.

Explanation: Psoriasis commonly affects the scalp, leading to the formation of red, scaly patches on the scalp's surface. It can also extend to the hairline and behind the ears.

Incorrect choices: b. Soles of the feet - Psoriasis can affect the soles of the feet, but it is less common than scalp involvement.

c. Abdomen - Psoriasis can occur on the abdomen, but it is not as frequently affected as the scalp.

d. Neck - Psoriasis can involve the neck area, but it is not the most common site of involvement.

Explanation: The primary etiological factor in psoriasis is a genetic predisposition. Psoriasis has a strong hereditary component, and individuals with a family history of the condition are at a higher risk of developing it. While environmental triggers can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms, the condition itself is primarily influenced by genetic factors.

Incorrect choices: a. Bacterial infection: Psoriasis is not caused by a bacterial infection. It is an autoimmune condition characterized by an overactive immune response, leading to inflammation and skin cell overproduction.

b. Fungal overgrowth: Fungal overgrowth is not a cause of psoriasis. Psoriasis is not related to fungal infections and has a different underlying mechanism.

d. Allergic reaction: While certain allergens may exacerbate psoriasis symptoms in some individuals, an allergic reaction is not the primary cause of psoriasis. The condition's pathophysiology is rooted in immune system dysfunction rather than allergic responses.

Explanation: Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder in which T-cells, a type of white blood cell, become overactive and trigger an inflammatory response. These T-cells promote the rapid growth of skin cells, leading to the characteristic plaques seen in psoriasis.

Incorrect choices: b. B-cells: While B-cells are important components of the immune system, they are not primarily involved in the etiology of psoriasis. T-cells are the central players in the autoimmune response seen in psoriasis.

c. Platelets: Platelets are primarily responsible for blood clotting and are not directly related to the development of psoriasis.

d. Eosinophils: Eosinophils are a type of white blood cell involved in immune responses against parasitic infections and allergic reactions. While they are important in certain immune processes, they are not the main players in psoriasis etiology.

Explanation: Environmental factors such as stress, trauma, infections, and certain medications are considered triggers that can worsen psoriasis symptoms in individuals who are already genetically predisposed to the condition. These triggers can lead to psoriasis flare-ups or worsen existing plaques.

Incorrect choices: a. Primary cause of psoriasis: Environmental factors are not the primary cause of psoriasis. While they can influence the severity of symptoms, the condition itself is primarily driven by genetic factors and immune system dysfunction.

b. Minor role with no significant impact: Environmental triggers are not minor in psoriasis etiology. They can have a significant impact on symptom severity and recurrence in susceptible individuals.

d. Protective factors against developing psoriasis: Environmental factors are not protective against developing psoriasis. As an autoimmune condition, psoriasis is primarily influenced by genetic predisposition and immune system dysfunction, not by protective environmental factors.

Explanation: Psoriasis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by an overactive immune system. In psoriasis, the immune system mistakenly triggers inflammation, leading to the rapid growth of skin cells and the formation of plaques.

Incorrect choices: a. Immune system suppresses inflammation and skin cell proliferation: This statement is incorrect. In psoriasis, the immune system does not suppress inflammation but rather promotes it.

b. Immune system responds normally to environmental triggers: This statement is incorrect. In psoriasis, the immune system's response to triggers is abnormal, leading to the characteristic inflammation and skin cell overgrowth.

d. Immune system functions independently of psoriasis development: This statement is incorrect. The immune system plays a central role in psoriasis etiology. The abnormal immune response is the driving force behind the development and progression of psoriasis.

Explanation: Genetic predisposition in psoriasis contributes to the development of the condition by causing abnormal functioning of the immune system. Certain genes involved in the immune response are associated with psoriasis, leading to an overactive immune system that triggers inflammation and skin cell overproduction.

Incorrect choices: a. Genetic factors increase skin sensitivity to environmental irritants: While some environmental triggers can worsen psoriasis symptoms, genetic predisposition primarily influences the immune system's response, not skin sensitivity to irritants.

b. Genetic factors cause an allergic reaction to certain foods: Psoriasis is not primarily an allergic reaction, and genetic factors do not cause allergic reactions to specific foods in this context.

d. Genetic factors impair the skin's barrier function: Psoriasis is not caused by a skin barrier dysfunction. The condition is characterized by immune system dysregulation and the subsequent inflammation and rapid skin cell turnover.

Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by the presence of itchy, raised, red patches on the skin with silvery scales. These patches are known as plaques and are a hallmark feature of psoriasis.

Incorrect choices: a. Painful, deep ulcers on the skin: This description does not align with psoriasis. Psoriasis plaques are not typically painful or ulcerated.

c. Small, fluid-filled blisters on the palms and soles: This description is more characteristic of a condition called palmoplantar pustulosis, not psoriasis.

d. Thickened, hardened skin with deep cracks: This description is more typical of a condition called lichenified eczema or chronic contact dermatitis, not psoriasis.

Explanation: Psoriasis commonly affects the scalp and nails in addition to other areas of the body. Scalp psoriasis can cause flaking and scale buildup on the scalp, while nail psoriasis can lead to pitting, discoloration, and thickening of the nails.

Incorrect choices: b. Buttocks and thighs: While psoriasis can occur in these areas, it is not one of the most common areas affected.

c. Lower back and shoulders: These areas can be affected by psoriasis, but they are not the most commonly affected regions.

d. Upper arms and neck: Psoriasis can occur on the upper arms and neck, but it is not the most frequently affected area.

Explanation: Fatigue and malaise are common symptoms experienced by individuals with psoriasis. The chronic inflammation and immune system dysregulation in psoriasis can lead to feelings of tiredness and general discomfort.

Incorrect choices: a. Persistent fever and chills: Fever and chills are not typical symptoms of psoriasis. They may indicate an infection or other underlying health condition.

b. Frequent nosebleeds: Nosebleeds are not directly associated with psoriasis. They may be caused by other factors such as nasal dryness or irritation.

d. Excessive thirst and frequent urination: These symptoms are not typically related to psoriasis. They may be indicative of diabetes or other medical conditions.

Explanation: Psoriasis lesions commonly appear in a symmetrical pattern, affecting similar areas on both sides of the body. For example, if a plaque is present on the right elbow, there is a high likelihood of a corresponding plaque on the left elbow.

Incorrect choices: a. Psoriasis lesions are evenly distributed across the body: Psoriasis lesions are not evenly distributed and tend to cluster in certain areas, such as elbows, knees, scalp, and lower back.

b. Psoriasis lesions are typically limited to the face and neck: While psoriasis can occur on the face and neck, it is more commonly found on extensor surfaces (elbows and knees) and the scalp.

c. Psoriasis lesions are more commonly found on the left side of the body: There is no evidence to support a preference for the left side of the body in psoriasis distribution. The symmetrical pattern is a more characteristic feature.

Explanation: Chronic psoriasis is characterized by thickened, scaly plaques with silvery-white scales. These plaques result from the excessive growth and turnover of skin cells in psoriasis.

Incorrect choices: a. Generalized redness with no scaling: This description does not align with chronic psoriasis. Psoriasis plaques are typically scaly and have a characteristic appearance.

b. Pustules and fluid-filled blisters: Pustular psoriasis is a specific subtype of psoriasis characterized by pustules, but it is not a hallmark of chronic psoriasis.

c. Hyperpigmented patches with rough texture: Hyperpigmentation and rough texture are not typical features of chronic psoriasis. The characteristic feature is the presence of silvery-white scales on thickened plaques.

Explanation: The presence of at least 3 typical psoriasis plaques on the body is one of the essential diagnostic criteria for confirming psoriasis. These plaques are characterized by well-defined, erythematous (red), raised lesions with silvery-white scales.

Incorrect choices: a. Positive skin biopsy showing eosinophils infiltration: While a skin biopsy may be performed to support the diagnosis of psoriasis, the presence of eosinophils is not specific to psoriasis and can be found in various skin conditions.

b. Family history of autoimmune diseases: A family history of autoimmune diseases may increase the risk of developing psoriasis, but it is not a definitive diagnostic criterion for the condition.

d. Elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) on blood test: An elevated ESR can indicate inflammation in the body, but it is not specific to psoriasis and may be present in other inflammatory conditions as well.

Explanation: The Auspitz sign refers to the appearance of tiny bleeding points when the scales on psoriatic plaques are removed or scraped. This sign is a characteristic feature of psoriasis and helps differentiate it from other skin conditions.

Incorrect choices: a. Moist, oozing skin lesions: Moist, oozing lesions are not typical of psoriasis. Psoriasis plaques are dry and scaly in nature.

b. Dark, hyperpigmented patches: Hyperpigmentation is not a characteristic feature of psoriasis. Psoriatic plaques are typically erythematous (red) with silvery-white scales.

d. Translucent, fluid-filled blisters: Translucent, fluid-filled blisters are not typically associated with psoriasis. This description is more consistent with a condition called pemphigus, not psoriasis.

Explanation: A skin biopsy is commonly performed to confirm the diagnosis of psoriasis. It involves taking a small sample of skin tissue from a psoriatic plaque and examining it under a microscope to identify the characteristic histological changes, such as hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and elongation of the rete ridges.

Incorrect choices: a. Skin patch testing for allergens: Patch testing is used to diagnose allergic contact dermatitis, not psoriasis.

b. Chest X-ray to assess lung involvement: Chest X-rays are not necessary for the diagnosis of psoriasis, as it primarily affects the skin and joints, not the lungs.

c. Complete blood count (CBC) to assess white blood cell count: While a CBC may be performed to assess inflammation, it is not specific to psoriasis and cannot confirm the diagnosis. A skin biopsy is needed for definitive diagnosis.

Explanation: The development of wheals and hives is not characteristic of psoriasis. Wheals and hives are associated with urticaria (hives), which is a separate skin condition caused by histamine release.

Incorrect choices: a. Pitting and ridging of the nails: Pitting and ridging of the nails are common nail changes seen in psoriasis and can aid in its diagnosis.

b. Koebner phenomenon upon skin trauma: The Koebner phenomenon, where new psoriatic lesions form at sites of skin trauma or injury, is a characteristic feature of psoriasis.

d. Silvery-white scales on erythematous plaques: Silvery-white scales on erythematous (red) plaques are a classic feature of psoriasis and help differentiate it from other skin conditions.

Explanation: Plaque psoriasis is the most common type of psoriasis, accounting for approximately 80-90% of all cases. It is characterized by the presence of raised, well-defined, erythematous (red) plaques with silvery-white scales.

Incorrect choices: a. Guttate psoriasis: Guttate psoriasis is characterized by small, teardrop-shaped lesions scattered on the skin, often following a streptococcal infection. It is less common than plaque psoriasis.

b. Inverse psoriasis: Inverse psoriasis affects skin folds, such as the armpits, groin, and under the breasts. It appears as smooth, red patches and is less common than plaque psoriasis.

d. Pustular psoriasis: Pustular psoriasis is a specific subtype characterized by pustules on the skin, but it is less common than plaque psoriasis.

Explanation: Applying topical corticosteroids to affected areas can help reduce inflammation, itching, and discomfort associated with psoriasis. However, the nurse should ensure that the patient follows the prescribed dosage and instructions for the use of corticosteroids.

Incorrect choices: b. Encouraging the patient to scratch the affected areas gently is not appropriate, as scratching can exacerbate psoriasis and lead to skin damage and infection.

c. NSAIDs are not typically used to manage itching and discomfort in psoriasis. They may be prescribed for joint pain associated with psoriatic arthritis, but they do not target the skin symptoms of psoriasis.

d. While warm baths can be soothing, frequent baths may actually dry out the skin and worsen psoriasis. Additionally, the water should be lukewarm rather than hot to avoid triggering flare-ups.

Explanation: Taking long, hot baths can actually worsen psoriasis by drying out the skin and triggering flare-ups. Instead, patients with psoriasis should take short, lukewarm baths or showers to avoid exacerbating the condition.

Incorrect choices: a. Moisturizing the skin regularly is an essential part of psoriasis management to prevent dryness and scaling.

b. Avoiding fragranced soaps and lotions can help minimize skin irritation and sensitivity, which is beneficial for patients with psoriasis.

c. Applying sunscreen before going outside is important, as exposure to UV rays can trigger or worsen psoriasis. Sun protection helps prevent further skin damage.

Explanation: Phototherapy involves exposing the skin to UV light to treat psoriasis. During phototherapy sessions, patients should wear special shields to protect their eyes and genitals from potential UV damage.

Incorrect choices: a. Patients undergoing phototherapy are actually exposed to controlled amounts of UV light, which is different from uncontrolled sun exposure. Phototherapy is a prescribed treatment and should be done under healthcare professional supervision.

b. While phototherapy may cause temporary skin darkening or tanning, it is not associated with permanent changes in skin color.

d. Phototherapy does not increase the risk of skin infections. However, patients with psoriasis should practice good hygiene to prevent infections related to their condition and skin care routine.

Explanation: Topical retinoids can increase the skin's sensitivity to sunlight and may cause sunburn. Patients should avoid excessive sun exposure and use sunscreen to protect their skin when using topical retinoids.

Incorrect choices: a. Topical retinoids should be applied to dry skin, not wet skin, to ensure proper absorption and effectiveness.

b. Topical retinoids are typically applied to the entire affected area, not just individual psoriasis plaques. They work best when applied consistently to the entire affected area.

c. Topical retinoids may take several weeks to show significant improvement in psoriasis symptoms, and immediate relief is not typical.

Explanation: Immunosuppressive medications can weaken the immune system, making the patient more susceptible to infections. It is important for the patient to promptly report any signs of infection or illness to their healthcare provider for appropriate management.

Incorrect choices: b. The administration of immunosuppressive medications is often specific to each medication and should be taken as prescribed by the healthcare provider, with or without food, as indicated.

c. Immunosuppressive medications can increase the risk of infections, but they do not directly increase the risk of sunburn. Patients should, however, be cautious about sun exposure due to potential skin sensitivity.

d. Discontinuing immunosuppressive medications abruptly can be dangerous and should only be done under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Sudden discontinuation can lead to worsening of psoriasis and potential rebound effects.

Explanation: Keeping the skin well-hydrated is essential in managing psoriasis. Patients should use fragrance-free moisturizers to prevent skin dryness and irritation, which can trigger flare-ups.

Incorrect choices: a. "Avoid using moisturizers, as they can worsen psoriasis flare-ups." - This statement is incorrect. Moisturizers are important for managing psoriasis symptoms and preventing dryness and irritation.

b. "Take hot baths with scented soaps to soothe the skin." - Hot baths and scented soaps can actually worsen psoriasis symptoms and should be avoided.

d. "Expose your skin to direct sunlight for prolonged periods to improve symptoms." - While some sunlight exposure may benefit psoriasis, prolonged and direct exposure can lead to skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer. Sun exposure should be limited and done with caution.

Explanation: Stress is a known trigger for psoriasis flare-ups. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or deep breathing, can help reduce the risk of exacerbations.

Incorrect choices: a. "Maintain a healthy diet, including foods high in sugar and saturated fats." - While a healthy diet is beneficial for overall health, there is no specific evidence that links certain foods to psoriasis flare-ups.

c. "Exposure to cold weather can help improve psoriasis symptoms." - Cold weather may actually exacerbate psoriasis symptoms, as dry and cold conditions can lead to skin dryness and irritation.

d. "Regularly use alcohol-based hand sanitizers to prevent infections." - Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can dry out the skin and may irritate psoriasis lesions. It is better to use gentle, non-irritating handwashing techniques.

Explanation: Adherence to prescribed treatment plans and attending follow-up appointments with healthcare providers are crucial for effectively managing psoriasis and preventing complications.

Incorrect choices: a. "Regularly scrubbing the affected areas to remove scaling." - Vigorous scrubbing can irritate the skin and worsen psoriasis symptoms. Gentle cleansing is recommended.

b. "Avoiding all forms of physical activity to prevent skin irritation." - Engaging in light physical activity is generally encouraged, as long as it does not exacerbate psoriasis symptoms.

c. "Using topical corticosteroids as needed without healthcare provider consultation." - It is essential for patients to follow their healthcare provider's instructions regarding the use of topical corticosteroids, as inappropriate or excessive use can lead to adverse effects.

Explanation: Petroleum-based ointments can help seal in moisture and soothe the skin, reducing itchiness and discomfort associated with psoriasis.

Incorrect choices: a. "Take long, hot showers to soothe the skin." - Hot showers can actually worsen psoriasis symptoms by drying out the skin. Patients should take short, lukewarm showers instead.

c. "Wear tight-fitting clothing to prevent skin irritation." - Tight-fitting clothing can rub against the skin and worsen psoriasis symptoms. Patients should wear loose, breathable clothing.

d. "Use scented moisturizers for a pleasant fragrance." - Scented moisturizers may contain ingredients that can irritate the skin and trigger flare-ups. Unscented or fragrance-free moisturizers are recommended.

Explanation: While sunlight can improve psoriasis symptoms in some individuals, direct exposure for extended periods can lead to skin damage and increase the risk of skin cancer. Sunscreen and limited sun exposure are advised.

Incorrect choices: b. "Applying emollients or moisturizers regularly." - Regular application of emollients or moisturizers is important for keeping the skin hydrated and preventing dryness and irritation, which can exacerbate psoriasis.

c. "Engaging in outdoor physical activities." - Engaging in light physical activities is generally encouraged, as long as it does not worsen psoriasis symptoms.

d. "Frequent application of alcohol-based hand sanitizers." - Alcohol-based hand sanitizers can dry out the skin and may irritate psoriasis lesions. It is better to use gentle, non-irritating handwashing techniques.

More questions

Explanation: Psoriasis is not contagious and cannot be spread through direct contact with affected individuals. It is an autoimmune disease where the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy skin cells, leading to the characteristic red, scaly patches on the skin.

Incorrect choices: a. This statement is correct. Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that causes red, scaly patches on the skin.

b. This statement is correct. Psoriasis is indeed an autoimmune disease where the body's immune system attacks healthy skin cells.

d. This statement is correct. Treatment for psoriasis aims to reduce inflammation and slow down the rapid skin cell growth to manage the symptoms of the condition.

Explanation: Auspitz sign is a characteristic finding in psoriasis where pinpoint bleeding occurs when scales on the skin are removed. It is caused by the rapid growth and shedding of skin cells, which leads to the formation of delicate blood vessels that bleed easily.

Incorrect choices: a. Auspitz sign is not related to increased bleeding tendency in the patient; it is specific to psoriasis and its characteristic skin changes.

b. Presence of skin pustules and blisters is not associated with Auspitz sign and may indicate other skin conditions.

c. Formation of deep fissures in the skin is not directly related to Auspitz sign, which focuses on the bleeding after scale removal.

Explanation: The primary assessment technique used to diagnose psoriasis is a physical examination of the skin. The characteristic red, raised patches with silver scales are indicative of psoriasis. While additional tests like skin biopsy may be used to confirm the diagnosis, the initial diagnosis is based on the visual appearance of the skin lesions.

Incorrect choices: a. A skin biopsy may be performed to confirm the diagnosis of psoriasis, but it is not the primary assessment technique used to diagnose the condition.

b. Blood tests may be conducted to rule out other conditions or assess for systemic involvement, but they are not the primary method of diagnosing psoriasis.

d. MRI is not a diagnostic tool for psoriasis. It may be used in certain cases to assess joint involvement in psoriatic arthritis, but it does not diagnose psoriasis itself.

Explanation: Psoriasis is a chronic skin disorder that results from an overactive immune response, leading to the rapid growth of skin cells. This causes red, raised, and scaly patches to form on the skin, which can be itchy and painful.

Incorrect choices: a. Psoriasis is not primarily an autoimmune disease affecting the respiratory system. It is primarily a skin condition, although it may be associated with certain autoimmune factors.

b. Psoriasis is not caused by a bacterial infection. It is a non-infectious skin disorder with an underlying immune-mediated mechanism.

d. Psoriasis is not a type of skin cancer. It is a benign skin condition that does not involve the malignant transformation of melanocytes.

Explanation: The typical clinical manifestations of psoriasis include red, raised, and scaly patches on the skin. These patches are often itchy and may be associated with discomfort.

Incorrect choices: a. Purulent discharge is not a characteristic feature of psoriasis. Psoriasis lesions typically do not contain pus.

b. Psoriasis lesions are not smooth and painless. They are raised and may be painful or itchy.

d. Ulcerated and bleeding skin sores are not typical of psoriasis. Psoriasis lesions are characterized by dry, scaly plaques rather than open sores.

Explanation: Psoriasis has a strong genetic component, and individuals with a family history of the condition are more likely to develop it. Specific genetic factors are involved in the immune response and skin cell growth regulation, leading to psoriasis.

Incorrect choices: b. While exposure to certain chemicals and irritants can exacerbate psoriasis symptoms, they are not the primary factor contributing to its development.

c. Psoriasis is not caused by a bacterial infection. It is a non-infectious inflammatory skin disorder.

d. Sun exposure can affect psoriasis, but it is not the primary factor contributing to its development. In some cases, moderate sunlight exposure may even improve psoriasis symptoms.

Explanation: Moisturizing the skin is essential for managing psoriasis and preventing dryness and scaling. Regular use of moisturizers helps maintain skin hydration and reduce the discomfort associated with psoriasis.

Incorrect choices: a. Encouraging the patient to pick or scratch the affected areas can worsen psoriasis and lead to skin damage and infection.

b. Applying hot packs to the skin lesions can exacerbate psoriasis and should be avoided. Lukewarm or cool packs may provide relief for some patients.

c. A diet high in spicy and acidic foods is not recommended for psoriasis patients, as certain foods may trigger flare-ups or exacerbate symptoms. A well-balanced, anti-inflammatory diet is more appropriate for psoriasis management.

Explanation: A definitive diagnosis of psoriasis is often made through a skin biopsy, where a small sample of the affected skin is taken and examined under a microscope to confirm the presence of psoriasis-related changes.

Incorrect choices: a. Blood tests are not used to diagnose psoriasis, as it is not caused by a bacterial infection.

c. Chest X-rays are not part of the diagnostic process for psoriasis, as it primarily affects the skin and not the lungs.

d. Urinalysis is not used to diagnose psoriasis, as it does not provide relevant information about the skin condition.

Explanation: Moisturizers are beneficial in managing psoriasis symptoms as they help keep the skin hydrated and reduce dryness and itching. Avoiding moisturizers can worsen psoriasis symptoms and is not recommended.

Incorrect choices: a. Stress is a known trigger for psoriasis flare-ups, and avoiding stress can help manage the condition.

b. Limiting alcohol consumption is important as alcohol can trigger or exacerbate psoriasis symptoms.

d. Smoking is associated with increased severity and risk of psoriasis, and quitting smoking can help improve symptoms.

Explanation: Psoriasis is characterized by red and raised skin patches covered with silver or white scales. These patches are often itchy and can be found on various parts of the body, such as the scalp, elbows, knees, and lower back.

Incorrect choices: a. Clear and smooth skin without any changes is not consistent with psoriasis, which is marked by visible skin changes like red, raised patches.

c. Skin rash with fluid-filled blisters may indicate conditions such as contact dermatitis or eczema but is not typical of psoriasis.

d. Purple or red lumps under the skin are more suggestive of other conditions, such as nodules or hematomas, rather than psoriasis.

Explanation: Psoriasis can develop at any age, but the most common age of onset is during adolescence and young adulthood. However, it can also appear for the first time later in life.

Incorrect choices: a. Infancy and early childhood - Psoriasis can occur in children, but it is less common in infancy and early childhood.

c. Middle age and older adulthood - While psoriasis can develop at any age, it is less common to have an onset in middle age and older adulthood.

d. Any age, as it is random - Although psoriasis can appear at any age, there is a higher prevalence of onset during adolescence and young adulthood.