This is because pregnancy leads to physiologic changes in renal and systemic hemodynamics that cause important alterations in acid-base, electrolyte, and kidney function.One of these changes is a decrease in renal vascular resistance due to hormonal and mechanical factors, which results in increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.Another change is an increase in plasma volume by 30% to 50% due to increased aldosterone and vasopressin secretion.

Choice A is wrong because increased renal blood flow and increased glomerular permeability are not the main causes of increased urine production during pregnancy.Increased glomerular permeability may occur in some pathological conditions, such as preeclampsia, but not in normal pregnancy.

Choice B is wrong because increased glomerular filtration rate and decreased tubular reabsorption are not the main causes of increased urine production during pregnancy.Increased glomerular filtration rate is a consequence of decreased renal vascular resistance and increased plasma volume, not a cause.Decreased tubular reabsorption may occur in some pathological conditions, such as gestational diabetes, but not in normal pregnancy.

Choice D is wrong because decreased serum osmolality and increased renal clearance are not the main causes of increased urine production during pregnancy.Decreased serum osmolality is a consequence of increased plasma volume and decreased thirst threshold, not a cause.

Increased renal clearance may occur in some pathological conditions, such as urinary tract infection, but not in normal pregnancy

This is because preeclampsia is a condition that causes high blood pressure and proteinuria (protein in the urine) after 20 weeks of gestation.Proteinuria is a sign of kidney damage and can lead to complications for the mother and the baby.The normal range of urinary protein is less than 300 mg/day.

Choice A is wrong because serum creatinine 0.6 mg/dL is within the normal range of 0.5 to 1.1 mg/dL for women.

Creatinine is a waste product that is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine.A high level of creatinine indicates kidney impairment.

Choice C is wrong because serum uric acid 4 mg/dL is within the normal range of 2.4 to 6 mg/dL for women.

Uric acid is another waste product that is filtered by the kidneys and excreted in the urine.A high level of uric acid can cause gout or kidney stones.

Choice D is wrong because urinary specific gravity 1.015 is within the normal range of 1.005 to 1.030.

Specific gravity measures how concentrated the urine is.A high specific gravity indicates dehydration or kidney dysfunction.

This statement indicates understanding of the physiological changes that occur during pregnancy and their effects on maternal nutrition and fluid intake requirements.Drinking more fluids helps to maintain adequate hydration and blood volume, which supports fetal growth and development.

Choice B is wrong because eating more protein does not directly relate to the increased workload of the kidneys during pregnancy.Protein intake should be adequate to meet the needs of the mother and the fetus, but not excessive.

Choice C is wrong because limiting sodium intake is not necessary for most pregnant women, unless they have hypertension or pre-eclampsia.Sodium is important for fluid balance and blood pressure regulation, and restricting it may impair placental perfusion.

Choice D is wrong because taking iron supplements does not compensate for the decreased red blood cell count during pregnancy.

Iron supplements are recommended to prevent or treat iron deficiency anemia, which is common in pregnancy due to increased maternal and fetal demands.However, the red blood cell count normally decreases during pregnancy due to hemodilution, which is a physiological adaptation that increases blood volume and cardiac output.

The normal range of urinary glucose in pregnancy is less than 100 mg/dL or negative on dipstick.

This means that there is no glucose or very little glucose in the urine of a healthy pregnant woman.

Choice B is wrong because less than 200 mg/dL or trace on dipstick indicates a mild glycosuria, which is when glucose is found in the urine.This can be normal during pregnancy as the kidneys allow more glucose to pass into urine during pregnancy, but it could also suggest the possibility of having undetected diabetes before this pregnancy.

Choice C is wrong because less than 300 mg/dL or 1+ on dipstick indicates a moderate glycosuria, which is more likely to be a sign of diabetes.A glucose tolerance test (GTT) is recommended to confirm or rule out diabetes.

Choice D is wrong because less than 400 mg/dL or 2+ on dipstick indicates a severe glycosuria, which is almost certainly a sign of diabetes.A GTT is also recommended to diagnose diabetes.