Crowning is when the fetal head is visible at the vaginal opening and does not slip back in with each contraction. This indicates that the baby is ready to be born and the mother should stop pushing to avoid tearing or the need for an episiotomy.

molding is the process of the fetal skull bones overlapping to adapt to the shape of the birth canal.

Molding does not affect the visibility of the fetal head at the vaginal opening.

caput succedaneum is a swelling of the soft tissues of the baby’s scalp that develops as a result of pressure from the uterus or vaginal wall during delivery.

Caput succedaneum does not affect the visibility of the fetal head at the vaginal opening.

shoulder dystocia is a complication that occurs when the baby’s head is delivered but one or both shoulders are stuck behind the mother’s pelvic bone. Shoulder dystocia prevents the delivery of the baby and requires immediate intervention to avoid injury or death.