Genetic and Congenital Disorders
Genetic and Congenital Disorders ( 4 Questions)
A nurse is teaching a pregnant client who has been diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The nurse explains that GDM can increase the risk of congenital disorders in the fetus, such as:
Neural tube defects are congenital disorders that occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during the first month of embryonic development. This can result in defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, or encephalocele. GDM can increase the risk of neural tube defects by altering the maternal-fetal glucose metabolism and affecting the folate metabolism.
Cardiac defects are congenital disorders that occur when the heart or blood vessels fail to form or function properly during the fetal development. This can result in defects such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, or tetralogy of Fallot. GDM can increase the risk of cardiac defects by causing fetal hyperinsulinemia and hypoxia, which can impair the cardiac morphogenesis and differentiation.
Cleft lip and palate are congenital disorders that occur when the upper lip or palate fail to fuse completely during the first trimester of fetal development. This can result in defects such as unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. GDM can increase the risk of cleft lip and palate by affecting the maternal-fetal glucose metabolism and causing oxidative stress and inflammation in the developing tissues.
GDM can increase the risk of congenital disorders in the fetus, such as neural tube defects, cardiac defects, and cleft lip and palate. GDM is a condition that occurs when the mother develops insulin resistance and hyperglycemia during pregnancy. This can affect the fetal development and cause various complications, such as macrosomia, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, or respiratory distress syndrome.
Choice D reason: GDM can increase the risk of congenital disorders in the fetus, such as neural tube defects, cardiac defects, and cleft lip and palate. GDM is a condition that occurs when the mother develops insulin resistance and hyperglycemia during pregnancy. This can affect the fetal development and cause various complications, such as macrosomia, hypoglycemia, polycythemia, or respiratory distress syndrome.
Choice A reason:
Neural tube defects are congenital disorders that occur when the neural tube fails to close properly during the first month of embryonic development. This can result in defects such as spina bifida, anencephaly, or encephalocele. GDM can increase the risk of neural tube defects by altering the maternal-fetal glucose metabolism and affecting the folate metabolism.
Choice B reason:
Cardiac defects are congenital disorders that occur when the heart or blood vessels fail to form or function properly during the fetal development. This can result in defects such as atrial septal defect, ventricular septal defect, patent ductus arteriosus, or tetralogy of Fallot. GDM can increase the risk of cardiac defects by causing fetal hyperinsulinemia and hypoxia, which can impair the cardiac morphogenesis and differentiation.
Choice C reason:
Cleft lip and palate are congenital disorders that occur when the upper lip or palate fail to fuse completely during the first trimester of fetal development. This can result in defects such as unilateral or bilateral cleft lip, cleft palate, or both. GDM can increase the risk of cleft lip and palate by affecting the maternal-fetal glucose metabolism and causing oxidative stress and inflammation in the developing tissues.